US History - Industrial Era and Progressivism

Fort Laramie Treaty

A treaty that forced the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Carlisle Indian School

School for assimilation in Pennsylvania, kids were taught about white American culture

Dawes Act

Aimed to Americanize Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners

Battle of Wounded Knee

Massacre of U.S. soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans, brought the Indian wars to an end

Homestead Act

Gave 160 acres of western land to citizens who would cultivate it for five years

Populist Party

Demanded the common people have a greater political influence

Social Darwinism

A philosophy based on Charles Darwin's theories; survival of the fittest

Andrew Carnegie

An industrialist who led the expansion of the steel industry

Vertical Integration

A company taking over their suppliers and distributors

Horizontal Integration

The merging of companies that make similar products

J.P. Morgan

Banker who bought Carnegie's steel company and shaped modern banking

John D. Rockefeller

Used vertical + horizontal integration to establish a monopoly in the oil business

Trusts

Competing companies put control of their businesses under a group of trustees, who manage the companies without owning them

Monopolies

A single seller of a good/service without competition

Sherman Antitrust Act

A law intended to prevent monopolies, outlawed trusts interfering with free trade

Samuel Gompers

President of the American Federation of Labor

American Federation of Labor

National labor union focusing on workers' rights, improving wages, and better conditions

Haymarket Affair

A violent labor protest, caused the public to turn against labor movements

Homestead Strike

A violent strike b/w steelworkers and the Carnegie Steel Company, resulted in the union giving in to the company

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A fire that highlighted unsafe working conditions, led to labor reform

Ellis Island

Immigration station in New York (East)

Angel Island

Immigration station in San Francisco Bay (West)

Nativism

Favoring native-born people over foreign-born people

Chinese Exclusion Act

Prevented most Chinese people from entering the U.S.

Tenements

Overcrowded + unsanitary urban housing, often used by immigrants

Settlement Houses

Community centers providing assistance to residents of slum neighborhoods

Jane Addams

Social worker + activist, co-founded Hull House

Hull House

Settlement house providing social services, education, and aid to immigrants

Political Machine

A group that controls a political party, offers services to voters in exchange for support

Graft

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Tammany Hall

A political machine known for its corruption and graft

Boss Tweed

Politician, gained control of Tammany Hall, convicted of stealing from the treasury

Progressive Movement

Reform movement seeking to return government control to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life

Prohibition

The banning of alcoholic beverages

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

A woman's organization advocating for prohibition and social reforms

Muckrakers

Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life

National Child Labor Committee

Worked to end child labor

Initiative

A procedure where legislative measures can be created by the people rather than lawmakers

Referendum

A procedure where proposed legislative measures can be submitted to a vote by the people

Recall

A procedure for removing public officials from office by vote of the people

Seventeenth Amendment

Provides for the election of senators by the people rather than state legislatures

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Exposed harsh and unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry, led to reforms

Northern Securities Co. v. United States

Supreme Court case ruling that the Northern Securities Company violated the Sherman Antitrust Act, leading to it being dissolved

1902 Coal Strike

Dispute b/w miners and operators, after coal reserves ran low, Roosevelt settled the strike

Meat Inspection Act

Established cleanliness requirements for meatpackers

Pure Food and Drug Act

Prevented the sale of contaminated foods and drugs, ensured truth in labelling

Conservation

The management/protection of natural resources

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Organization that promoted full racial equality

Republican Party Split

The Progressives sought change, while the old guard did not

Bull Moose Party

Progressive party, supported Roosevelt

Election of 1912

Wilson won despite only having under half of the popular vote, Taft + Roosevelt split the Republican vote

Candidates in the Election of 1912

Wilson (Democratic)

Taft (Republican)

Roosevelt (Bull Moose)

Eugene V. Debs (Socialist)

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act; made some monopolistic practices illegal, protected the rights of labor unions

Federal Trade Commission

Federal agency that stopped unfair business practices

Sixteenth Amendment

Legalized a federal income tax

Federal Reserve System

Controlled U.S. money supply and the availability of credit, basis of the banking system

NAWSA

Organization that fought for women's right to vote, advocated for suffrage

Carrie Chapman Catt

President of NAWSA

National Women's Party

Focused on a more direct approach to securing women's suffrage

Lucy Burns

Co-founder of the NWP and the Congressional Union

Alice Paul

Co-founder of the NWP and the Congressional Union

Nineteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Booker T. Washington

African American educator, formed the Tuskegee Institute, believed racism would end once blacks proved their economic value to society

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American educator, called for educational + economic equality of African Americans

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist known for her anti-lynching campaign

Lynching

Killing/punishing someone without fair trial

Poll Taxes

An annual tax you had to pay to vote

Literacy Tests

Tested writing/reading skills to vote, often rigged against African Americans

Grandfather Clause

Allowed people to vote if their dad/grandfather was able to vote, overrode poll taxes + literacy tests

Segregation

Seperation of people based on race

Jim Crow Laws

Laws to separate white and black people in public + private facilities

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruled the separation of races was constitutional

De Jure Segregation

Legally enforced segregation

De Facto Segregation

Segregation by social and economic pressures

United States v. Wong Kim Ark

Supreme Court ruled a child born in the U.S. to Chinese immigrant parents is a U.S. citizen

National Association of Colored Women

Organization that addressed issues targeting African American women

Susan B. Anthony

Social reformer who led women's suffrage movements

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Suffrage leader, organized the Seneca Falls Convention