The American yawp ch 3-4

Colonial backwater

British North American colonies were not very big, profitable, etc, compared to Caribbean colonies (Sugar Plantations)

Atlantic World (Triangle Trade)

The trading system between the Americas, England, and Africa (Ideas, culture, etc.)

Transporting manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, trading them for enslaved Africans who were then forcibly brought to the Americas

New Laws

Passed in colonies, which created a separate legal status for enslaved Africans -1660s

Native American Slavery

Result of colonial/native american wars. Prisoners of war were enslaved and sometimes sold. High disease rates discouraged Native American slavery. -24,000 - 51,000 enslaved by English colonists

3 legs of the Middle Passage

1. The Factory

2. Middle Passage

3. Seasoning

The factory

Prisoners of war in Africa were brought to a European factory trading post

Middle Passage

Forced transportation of Africans to the New World. Brutal, disease-ridden, starvation -25% died

Seasoning

The time to adjust to working in the new world - 12 million went along the middle passage -2 million died

Gullah

Language brought to the New World from Africa. A small % of people still speak it

Slavery =

Profit

Facilitation of the slave trade

Portugal in the 1500s - Dutch in the 1600s - British in the 1700s

West Indies (Caribbean)

Most enslaved people arrived in the West Indies (Caribbean) for sugar production. Seasoning took place here

Charlestown

Port city in South Carolina - the highest population of enslaved Africans in British North America -450,000 enslaved Africans were brought to British North America, 4% the total

Enslaved Indians were exported through the leading entry point for the slave trade on the mainland

Degree of Sanctuary

A Spanish degree, which offered freedom to enslaved Africans from the English colonies if they converted to Catholicism

English North America slavery

Rice, Indigo, Tobacco

men, women, and children

Enslaved children were born

Atlantic World (Caribbean, sugar) slavery

Sugar

young, men

Importation of enslaved people

English Race

English and Welsh did not identify as the same race

Slavery and race

precieved inherited physical difference (mostly skin color) used to support systems of oppression (Slavery)

Recent estimates between ______ and ______ Africans forced across the Atlantic in the 16 - 19 centry

11 million - 12 million

Law for "tithable" African women

Virginia law in 1643 taxed African women as field workers, whereas White women were not considered laborers

Francis Le Jua

Missionary in Charlestown, Carolina, in 1706. Grew disillusioned by the horrors of American slavery. Baptized and educated a number of slaves

Barbados

The English colony in the West Indies refused to import New England Indians, fearing they would encourage rebellion. Had ports in the British Atlantic. Slaves were seasoned

Sugar-producing planters nearly deforested the island to make room for sugar production.

Prefabricated frames

Olaudah Equiano

A black writer who wrote about the cruelty of the Middle Passage

Paternal Domination

A system where the head male figure holds authority and control over the household

Queen Elizabeth I

Her rule marked a Golden era for England. Cemented Protestantism

Spanish Armanda defeated

English Civil War (1642-1649)

puts a pause British colonization of the New World

Founding of Virginia, Massachusetts - Civil War - Restoration colonies

King Charles I

The King of England, executed by Parliament, lost the civil war

King Charles I vs. Parliament

Monarchy vs. Parliament

Catholisism vs. Protesttant

Older colonies vs. Newer colonies

Oliver Cromwell

From the forces of parliament, rules England (no king) for the next 10 years

Navigation Acts

Laws that forced colonies to only trade with Britain

The British were seeking control over the colonies

passed by Cromwell

One of the long-term causes of the American Revolution

Taxes on trade

Charles II

Son of the executed king, invited back to the crown

Restoration - Restoration colonies

Tightened English control over the colonies

James II

wanted more control of the colonies

His pro-catholic, pro-monarchy, pro-control, and pro-France positions put him in opposition to Parliament.

Abandons the throne

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

Edmund Andros - govenered the dominion

A combination of several New England colonies

disliked by the colonies

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy was a factor in the War of 1812.

Glorious Revolution (1688) William and Mary

James II abandons the throne

Dutch protestant rulers Willian and English Mary assumed the English throne

Glorious = No bloodshed

Consequences of the Glorious Revolution

Reasserted the power of parliament over the monarchy

Affirmation of protestaism

Dominion of New England was dissolved = and self-government was saved

English Bill of Rights

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Limited power of the king - also spoke the rights of British subjects

Maryland

created as a safe haven for English catholics

many protestants moved to Maryland, forcing the colony to abandon its privileges for catholics

Grew tobacco with slave labor

King set aside 12 million acres

Cecilus Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Founded Maryland

Hoped to gain additional wealth from the colony, as well as to create a haven for fellow Catholics.

Chesapeake Colonies

Virgina and Maryland

Provincial (Royal Colonies)

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King.

Connecticut

Puritan offshoot of the Massachusetts colony

New Haven colony

Puritan offshoot

eventually failed and joined with Connecticut

poor and weak

Yale College

Plymouth =

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Puritan exiles created the New England colony

Roger Williams

founder of Rhode Island

was banished from Massachusetts

Anne Hutchinson

Moved to Rhode Island after her exile from Massachusetts

Religious and political freedom

attracted settlers - Abolished: Witchcraft trials, imprisonment for debt, and slavery

New york

Formerly the Dutch colony of New Netherland

won by the British is a series of wars

Trading hub for enslaved people

40% N.Y. population was enslaved

Proprietary colony

a colony owned and ruled by one person

Ex: The Duke of York (James II) -brother to Charles II

East and west Jersey

Eventually combined into New Jersey

between the Hudson and Delaware rivers

Pennsylvaina

becomes the most popular success of the 13 colonies

created to form harmony

The City of Philadelphia became one of the most important cities in the colonies for printing

Society of Friends (Quakers)

The founders of Pennsylvania created a colony based on harmony

one of the earliest groups to publish anti-slavery views

belief in spiritual equality over politics

Spiritual equality and pacifists = anti-slavery

In 1772, enslavers were expelled from the religion

William Penn

founder of pennsylvaina

Pacifism

refusal to use violence

made quakers uncomfortable by slavery

helped make diplomatic relationships with native Americans

Society of Friends (Quakers) in German Town

signed a petition protesting the institution of slavery among Quakers

Carolina

Given your loyal followers of Charles II

Lord Proprietor

8 men who would create a colony

wanted to limit Spanish in Florida

Powerful favorites of the king who were granted land and authority over the Carolinas

offered 150 acres per family member

Rice/Indigo

Produced in the Low country ( Carolina and Georgia), while the Chesapeake produces tobacco, both use slave labor

North and South Carolina

Had to split into North and South

North producing tobacco

South producing rice

New Sweden

The Swedish colony in the Delaware Valley joined Pennsylvania

Duke of York (James II)

brother of Charles II

Founded the expedition against the Dutch in 1664

Wished to strengthen English control

prequot War

War between the English colonies and Allies (Mohegans) vs. the Pequot tribe and Allies (Dutch)

Competition over resources (Furs and wampum) led to the conflict.

Mystic Massacre

Victory for English - increased power for the region

Mystic Massacre (Pequot War)

English and allies killed 400-700 Pequot men, women, and children

Sword of the lord

The military force of English Puritans who attacked the Pequots and started the Mystic massacre

King Phillip's War

A larger conflict between English colonists and Native Americans in New England

Escalation of revenge killings

Sachem (leader) Metarom

Leader of the Wampanog vs. the English colonists

Called King Phillips by the English

English Alliances

Plymouth

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Eventually, the neutral tribes of Mohengans and the Pequot joined.

Metacom Alliances

Wampanoang

Eventually, the neutral tribe of Narragansett joined

Middle ground

Area between European colonies and Indian sovereignty, where various native people and Europeans lived side by side in relative harmony.

Naragansett

Neutral in the war with the English until the English attacked them.

-1000 natives joined the fight against the English

Consequences of King Phillip's War

English won

-1000 English died

-3000 Natives died

contributed to colonial paranoia

Salem Witch Trials

Held in 1692, Townspeople accused others of Witchcraft, leading to 14 women and six men being executed.

Causes - Local rivalries, political turmoil, and the enduring trauma of war, faulty legal procedure, or environmental contamination

Susquehanrock War

Caught in the crossfire of the Bacon Rebellion

14 killed by the English

triggered a political crisis in Virginia

Bacon Rebellion

Virginia violence

Indentured servants, after their contract, move to the frontier in hopes of land, putting them in conflict with the Natives.

Servants vs. Landowners

Landowners do not want war with the Natives, The Servants d,o which causes inner conflict between the landowners and the servants

Sir William Berkeley

Governor of Virginia

Nathanial Bacon

Leader of the servants

leads an army on jamestown

Showdown in Jamestown

Almost the end of Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon was arrested, broke out, and led his followers. Berkeley mocked him and humiliated him. Bacon got his war

Consequences of the Bacon Rebellion

Servants defeated - Berkeley put back in power

First English vs. English conflict in the colonies

class vs. class

Seritude into Slavery

Landowners fearing the servants grew to favor chattel African Slavery

Pueblo Revolt

Revolt of the Pueblo people against Spanish Authority in Santa Fe, New Mexico

Popé

Leader of the Pueblo revolt and kicked the Spanish for harsh conversions and religious crimes.

400 Spaniards killed, crosses and cows destroyed

Yamasee War

War between the Yamasee and South Carolina

Disrupted the native American slave trade

Influencing the growth of African Slavery

Walking Purchase of 1737

Agreement between Delaware and Pennsylvania to give Pennsylvania all land that could "walk in a day and a half"

Colonists took more than what the Natives wanted to give

Backwater

London peers saw the provincial Americans as a backwater, less cultivated

Society

Focus on everyday people, social history.

consumerism

Promotes and relies on the purchase of goods

Americans were more likely to find themselves in debt, creating new feelings of dependence

Consumer Revolution

Colonists increasingly purchased goods from Europe (luxury), consumer goods

Gave Europe Raw materials and in return got manufactured goods

Currency (standardized money)

1. Wampum

2. Commodity money

3. Paper money

4. Credit

Bills of exchange

Wampum

Shell beads used by Native Americans for trade.

Commodity money

A good used as money that also has value independent of its use as money. EX. Tobacco in Virginia was used as a form of currency.

Paper money

Money in the form of banknotes. Lose value quickly and easily counterfeited

Credit

buy now, pay later

Bills of Exchange

extension of credit, akin to modern-day checks

Currency Acts 1751, 1763

Banned the use of paper money

The British wanted "hard" currency, which hurt colonial trade

Helped Britain control the colonies

Britsh Carribean

Sugar plantations

Jamaica was more profitable than all of the colonies of North America

Smuggling

Illegal trade to avoid British taxes.

700,000 pounds of illicit goods were brought to America

Pirates provided a buffer between merchants and foreign ships

helped grow cities

New York and Philadelphia

Became some of the most important seaports and trade centers in the Colonies.

Sugar

Hard crop

Very profitable

Used slave labor in sugar plantations

Most profits came from Jamaica, Barbados, and the Caribbean

Sugar Act - a tax on sugar in the colonies

Primogeniture

The family estate was passed down to the eldest male heir