(5V) Huxley, Arnold, and Rosetti

Leonard Huxley

"From The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley"

Matthew Arnold

"Dover Beach"

Christina Rosetti

Goblin Market

Imagery 1

- "the room was crowded to suffocation long before the protagonists appeared on the scene, 700 persons or more managing to find places. The very windows by which the room was lighted down the length of its west side were packed with ladies, whose white handkerchiefs, waving and fluttering in the air at the end of the Bishop's speech, were an unforgettable factor in the acclamation of the crowd." - "Mr. Huxley slowly and deliberately arose. A slight tall figure, stern and pale, very quiet and very grave ("Young, cool, quiet, scientific—scientific in fact and in treatment."—J.R. Green. A certain piquancy must have been added to the situation by the superficial resemblance in features between the two men, so different in temperament and expression. Indeed next day at Hardwicke, a friend came up to Mr. Fanning and asked who his guest was, saying, "Surely it is the son of the Bishop of Oxford."), he stood before us and spoke those tremendous words—words which no one seems sure of now, nor, I think, could remember just after they were spoken"

biographical

What is the text structure of "From The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley"?

The Mentor (1)

The author himself often embodies this archetype, serving as a guide and advocate for scientific inquiry and education. He influenced many contemporaries and future scientists.

The Rebel (1)

The author challenged established norms and beliefs, particularly in relation to science and religion, positioning himself as a progressive thinker who defied conventional wisdom.

The Intellectual (1)

The author is portrayed as the quintessential thinker, deeply engaged in scientific exploration and philosophical discourse, emphasizing reason and empirical evidence.

The Advocate (1)

Throughout his letters, the author often takes on the role of an advocate for science and education, promoting the importance of scientific literacy and critical thinking in society.

The Journey (1)

Huxley's travels and interactions with various scientific communities highlight the journey archetype, both in a literal sense and in the metaphorical journey of intellectual development.

The Fall (1)

Huxley faced challenges and setbacks, including criticism from peers and societal pushback, representing the fall archetype as he navigated the complexities of his scientific career.

1901

What year was "From The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley" published?

Action develops from conflict 1

- The author often found himself in conflict with established scientific and religious views. His engagement in debates, such as those surrounding Darwin's theory of evolution, propelled his career and actions, leading him to advocate for scientific reasoning and empirical evidence. - The author's letters reveal personal conflicts, such as balancing family life with professional obligations. These struggles often motivated him to find innovative ways to contribute to science while maintaining his family relationships.

Summary 1 (1)

This meeting, the Oxford Meeting of 1860, was not an important one, rather, it made him a dangerous adversary in debate, which was a force in science that could not be ignored. In addition, the meeting consisted of the Bishop, Dr. Draper, a chemist; and Huxley, himself. Dr. Draper's opening message was that it suggests that our existence as humans (or any living beings) is the result of a RANDOM or FORTUNATE ARRANGEMENT of ATOMS. The author gives a vivid description of the room's layout—in which it is very crowded with ladies flying their handkerchiefs.

Summary 2 (1)

The author continues with vivid descriptions of the people in the room. He describes how Professor Henslow, the president, was sitting in the center, and on the right was the Bishop and on the left was Mr. Draper, and other science professors. Mr Huxley was near the center with Professor Beale. Further, a crowd of undergraduates surrounded Professor Brodie, ready to voice their opinions while the clergy shouted at the Bishop. Then, Dr. Draper whipped out his paper, brought a reference to Origin of the Species and started to speak.

Summary 3 (1)

The President notified the speaker that if no one had valid arguments about species would not be permitted to start the meeting. Professor Farrar's experience while presenting was that a layman and scholar expressed theological views that were quickly dismissed by the audience, who insisted on a scientific discussion. After further interruptions, Professor Beale called for fair consideration of new theories, and the Bishop then delivered a notable speech addressing evolutionary ancestry.

Summary 4 (1)

The author goes on to explain that the professor had no arguable claims since he did not know anything about evolution, ironically, he was inspired by Richard Owen, a zoologist who was opposed to Darwin's theories. In addition, Huxley "confesses one of his strongest opponents" in a persuasive manner and blames the president for a controversial argument that could serve no scientific purpose. Then, it was the Bishop's turn to present his argument. He claimed that evolution was not existent. He uses an example saying that a pigeon did not evolve from an ancestor and questioned if he descended from a monkey.

Summary 5 (1)

Huxley immediately understood how attacking personal traits could give him a strategic edge in the debate. He exclaimed a Bible verse, which means that God has given someone into the speaker's control or power, suggesting that the speaker sees it as a sign of DIVINE INTERVENTION or SUPPORT in a situation. Then, Mr Huxley arose from his chair and boldly EMBRACED his EVOLUTIONARY HERITAGE while condemning those who misuse their talents to distort the truth, resulting in a powerful reaction from the audience, including one woman fainting.

Summary 6 (1)

John Richard Green, an undergraduate student, asserted that one should not be ashamed of having an ape as an ancestor, but rather feel shame for those who, despite lacking true expertise, confuse scientific issues with rhetoric and religious bias, detracting from important discussions.

Summary 7 (1)

The encounter marked a setback for evolutionary doctrine, as the audience, primarily shocked by Huxley's boldness rather than swayed by his arguments, initially received him coldly. However, as his points resonated, applause grew, indicating he gained some reluctant support. The debate continued for two more years, further bolstered by compelling evidence from Sir W.H. Flower.

Summary 8 (1)

The Oxford meeting was significant for its open defiance of authority, demonstrating that even a stalemate was impactful, as the new theories gained attention and credibility rather than being dismissed. The bold defense of these ideas further broadened their audience.

Intellectual Conflict (1)

Huxley often finds himself in debates with religious and scientific authorities of his time, particularly regarding evolution and Darwinism. This leads to personal and professional conflicts.

Societal Resistance (1)

Huxley faces pushback from society and institutions resistant to the ideas of evolution, creating a tension between his scientific beliefs and public opinion.

Personal Struggles (1)

He deals with personal losses, including the death of family members, which deeply affects him and influences his work and perspective.

Are these problems solved? 1

Many of the problems faced by Huxley and his contemporaries are addressed, but not necessarily fully resolved

Important statements 1 (1) (1)

- "Beale, who was an excellent histologist, spoke to the effect that the new theory ought to meet with fair discussion, but added, with great modesty, that he himself had not sufficient knowledge to discuss the subject adequately." - "From the scientific point of view, the speech was of small value. It was evident from his mode of handling the subject that he had been "crammed up to the throat," and knew nothing at first hand; he used no argument beyond those to be found in his "Quarterly" article, which appeared a few days later, and is now admitted to have been inspired by Owen. "He ridiculed Darwin badly and Huxley savagely; but," confesses one of his strongest opponents, "all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner, and in such well turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific purpose, now forgave him from the bottom of my heart." ("Life of Darwin" l.c.)"

Important statements 1 (1) (2)

- "There was nothing in the idea of evolution; rock-pigeons were what rock-pigeons had always been. Then, turning to his antagonist with a smiling insolence, he begged to know, was it through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed his descent from a monkey?"

- "for their meaning took away our breath, though it left us in no doubt as to what it was. He was not ashamed to have a monkey for his ancestor; but he would be ashamed to be connected with a man who used great gifts to obscure the truth. No one doubted his meaning, and the effect was tremendous. One lady fainted and had to be carried out; I, for one, jumped out of my seat."

- "I asserted—and I repeat—that a man has no reason to be ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather"

Main themes 1

Science vs Religion, Intellectual Integrity, The Nature of Progress, Personal Struggles and Loss, Legacy and Influence, and Education and Advocacy.

The Lab

Huxley's laboratory represents the scientific method and the importance of empirical evidence, symbolizing his dedication to research and discovery.

Books and Letters

These symbolize the power of communication and knowledge dissemination. Huxley's writings and correspondence illustrate his influence as a public intellectual.

The Darwinian Tree of Life

This concept represents evolution and interconnectedness among species, embodying Huxley's advocacy for Darwin's ideas and the broader implications for humanity.

Contemporary connections 1

- Science and Religion Debate: The ongoing discussions around evolution and creationism echo Huxley's time, reflecting current tensions between scientific understanding and religious beliefs.

- Public Understanding of Science: Huxley's advocacy for science education resonates today, especially as society grapples with issues like climate change and public health, highlighting the need for informed discourse.

Simile 2

- "Lay like the folds of the bright girdle furled." - "To like before us like a land of dreams."

Personification 2

- "But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar; Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world.

Imagery 2

- "The sea is calm tonight; The tide is full; the moon lies far; Upon the straits; on the French coast the light." - "Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, at their return, up the high strand, Begin, and cease, and then again begin, With tremulous cadence slow, and bring the eternal note of sadness in."

Free verse

What type of poem is "Dover Beach"?

Assumed to be Matthew Arnold

Who is the speaker of "Dover Beach"?

melancholic and contemplative

What is the tone of "Dover Beach"?

1851

When was "Dover Beach" published?

The Sea

Symbolizes the ebb and flow of faith and human emotion. Its calmness represents a facade of tranquility, while its retreat signifies the loss of faith and unity.

The Moonlight

symbolizes fleeting beauty and illumination, contrasting with the darkness of uncertainty and despair.

The Night-Wind

symbolizes change and the passage of time, highlighting the transience of human experience and emotion.

Themes 2

Nature, Religion

Contextual information 2

The poem reflects the SOCIAL and CULTURAL upheaval of the Victorian era. The poem captures the ANXIETY and UNCERTAINTY of a time marked by rapid industrialization, scientific advancement, and changing religious beliefs.

Stanza 1 (2)

Arnold sets the scene on the calm shores of Dover, England, where the speaker observes the moonlight and the distant lights of France across the Channel. Although the tranquil setting appears serene, it symbolizes the diminishing faith of the English people, as highlighted by the fleeting light on the cliffs. The speaker invites a companion to appreciate the night air and listen to the melancholic sounds of the waves rolling over the pebbles. This rhythmic motion of the sea evokes a sense of sadness, suggesting a deeper emotional turmoil beneath the calm facade.

Stanza 2 (2)

The speaker connects their experience to history by referencing Sophocles, who also heard the tides and associated them with human misery. This allusion emphasizes the timeless nature of suffering, suggesting that emotions like despair have persisted throughout history. Arnold aims to highlight this universal experience, concluding the stanza with the recognition that "we" in the present also feel these same emotions resonating in the sound of the sea.

Stanza 3 (2)

Arnold reflects on the decline of faith among his countrymen, using "The Sea of Faith" as a metaphor for the unity once provided by Christianity. He notes that this collective faith has eroded, leaving people divided by science and differing opinions. The imagery of the sea's retreat becomes clear as the speaker declares that there will be no return to the past; the sea now recedes "melancholy" and "long," leaving humanity vulnerable and exposed.

Stanza 4 (2)

The speaker addresses the decline of faith among his countrymen, symbolized by "The Sea of Faith" that once unified everyone. He reflects on how this collective Christian faith has eroded, leaving people divided by science and conflicting views. The metaphor of the receding sea illustrates that there is no returning to the past; it withdraws "melancholy" and "long," leaving humanity exposed. The poem concludes with a bleak perspective, depicting a world where people suffer on a "darkling plain," confused and fighting over issues that elude their understanding, as faith continues to fade.

the speaker addresses an unnamed companion, often interpreted as a loved one or a partner.

Who is talking to whom in "Dover Beach"?

on the shores of Dover, England

Where is "Dover Beach" taking place?

The first two stanzas convey a sense of calmness and beauty as the speaker reflects on the serene setting and historical connections to suffering. However, the tone shifts in the third stanza as the speaker expresses a profound sense of loss and melancholy regarding the decline of faith among humanity. This shift introduces a more somber and pessimistic outlook.

Does "Dover Beach" have a turning point where the tone, focus, or rhyme scheme changes?

Simile 3

- "One crawled like a snail" "Like a rush-imbedded swan; Like a lily from the beck; like a moonlight poplar branch; like a vessel at the launch"

- "One whistled like a bird; Like two pigeons in one nest; Laura most like a leaping flame"

- "Like two blossoms on one stem; Like two flakes of new-fallen snow; Like two wands of ivory."

Personification 3

"Bloom-down cheeked peaches"

Consonance 3

- "Turned and trooped the goblin men" - "Laura stared but did not stir" - "To take were to purloin; I have no copper in my purse"

Anaphora 3

- "She sucked and sucked and sucked the more; she sucked until her lips were sore."

Hyperbole 3

- "While to this day no grass will grow."

Imagery 3 (1)

- "Morning and evening; Maids heard the goblins cry"

- "Evening by evening Among the brookside rushes, Laura bow'd her head to hear, Lizzie veil'd her blushes: Crouching close together In the cooling weather, With clasping arms and cautioning lips, With tingling cheeks and finger tips. "Lie close," Laura said, Pricking up her golden head" -

Imagery 3 (2)

- "They sounded kind and full of loves In the pleasant weather."

- "Backwards up the mossy glen Turn'd and troop'd the goblin men, With their shrill repeated cry, "Come buy, come buy." When they reach'd where Laura was They stood stock still upon the moss, Leering at each other"

- "She clipped a precious golden lock, She dropped a tear more rare than pearl, Then suck'd their fruit globes fair or red"

Narrative

What type of poem is "Goblin Market"?

Unknown

Who is the speaker of "Goblin Market"?

persuasive and enticing tone

What is the tone of "Goblin Market"?

1859

What year was "Goblin Market" published?

The Goblin Men

Represent temptation and the darker aspects of desire. They embody the seductive nature of sin and the risks involved in giving in to temptation.

The Fruits

Symbolize forbidden pleasures and the allure of indulgence. While they appear beautiful and enticing, they ultimately lead to danger and despair, reflecting the idea that not all that glitters is gold.

The Market

Represents the chaotic nature of desire and the pressures of societal expectations. It serves as a space where innocence can be easily lost.

Themes 3

Beauty, Coming of Age, Journey, temptation

The poem reflects the social and cultural norms of the Victorian period, particularly regarding gender roles, sexuality, and morality. Women were often seen as the guardians of domestic virtue, and the poem explores the consequences of straying from that ideal.

Contextual information 3

Two sisters are talking to the goblin men

Who is talking to whom in "Goblin Market"?

a fantastical setting that blends elements of both a lush, vibrant market and a dark, enchanting forest

Where is "Goblin Market" taking place?

One significant turning point occurs after Laura eats the goblin fruit. The tone shifts from the enticing allure of the goblins and their fruit to a darker, more desperate atmosphere as Laura experiences the consequences of her actions. This shift is marked by a change in focus to Laura's deterioration and her sister Lizzie's determination to save her.

Does "Goblin Market" have a turning point where the tone, focus, or rhyme scheme changes?