221 exam 2

Where is fat digested, primarily, and how?

The small intestine by bile from the liver

Why don't the protein digesting enzymes digest the cells that make them?

pepsin is in inactive form when secreted

How is digestion of carbohydrate different in the ruminant animal (cow) than the nonruminant?

ruminants: the CHO digestion occurs by bacterial metabolism and they are converted to VFA's

ruminants: they are converted to disaccharides and then to monosaccharides in the cell

How is digestion of protein different in the ruminant than the nonruminant?

ruminant: proteins are remodeled by rumen bacteria and become bacterial proteins

non-ruminant: digestion occurs by pepsin and other pancreatic enzymes secreted in small intestine

Why is NPN useless to nonruminants?

they lack the necessary enzymes and bacteria in their digestive systems to convert NPN into usable protein

How do we determine the value of a feedstuff?

proximate analysis

How do we determine the value of protein in a feed?

kjeldahl method

How do we determine the value of energy in a feed?

Paar adiabatic bomb calorimeter

What is protein digestibility?

how much protein is digested

What is nitrogen balance?

N in feed – N in feces – N in urine

What is nitrogen retention?

Nitrogen balance divided by N in feed(usually a percentage)

What is biological value?

the proportion of the digested protein (N) that is retained

What is MFN?

Metabolic fecal nitrogen

What is true digestibility or BV vs apparent digestibility or BV?

BV is determined by the AMINO ACID pattern of the protein (not the digestibility)

What is EUN?

Endogenous urinary nitrogen

What losses of nitrogen occur from the body?

Fecal, urinary, MFN, EUN

Why is the digestibility of nitrogen and the digestibility of protein the same thing?

We measure amount of protein by the amount of nitrogen

What does 'endogenous' mean?

produced inside an organism or cell

How could you determine the endogenous secretion?

Measure the levels of the secreted substance

What are the 2 different energy systems?

aerobic and anaerobic

What is heat increment?

energy lost in fermentation and in metabolic processes

Name 5 grains.

Corn

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Grain sorghum

What protein supplements are often used for bird feed?

Safflower

 What protein supplement is made from coconuts?

coconut meal

What is TDN and how is it calculated?

An energy index on a carbohydrate equivalent basis

Calculated from sums of proximate analysis

What are the lowest and highest values you could have for TDN?

0 and 100

Why is fat of more value in the summer when it is hot?

has a lower heat increment than carbohydrate, so it is used more efficiently in hot weather than carbohydrate because there is less excess heat load to get rid of

What does biological value depend on, or what is it indicative of?

Depends on the digestible portion of the protein, indicates protein quality

What is meant by grain quality?

Quality of the factors for selling grain in a sample

What is the effect of test weight on livestock feeding?

ALMOST NONE! If they can eat enough feed to meet their energy needs

Name 5 byproducts from making beer.

Wet brewer’s grains, dry brewer’s grains, spent hops, brewer’s dried yeast, malt sprouts

What is the value of molasses relative to corn, in energy?

70%

What does molasses come from?

By-product of sugar production

What is the value of molasses relative to corn in protein?

lower in crude protein

What is the only grain to naturally contain carotene?

corn

What grain is used mainly to make bread?

wheat

Which grain is used most to make beer?

barley

What grain often contains tannin?

Grain sorghum

What 2 grains weigh 56 lbs per bushel?

Corn and grain sorghum/milo

What grains weigh 60 lbs per bushel?

wheat and soybeans

What grain weighs 32 lbs per bushel?

oats

What grain is low in energy and preferred for horses?

oats

What are 3 byproducts from making whiskey?

distiller’s grains, distiller’s condensed or dried solubles, and distiller’s dried yeast

What is the main feed byproduct from sugar manufacture?

molasses

What is NPN?

nonprotein nitrogen

What are some examples of NPN?

UREA, free amino acids, creatine

Where is NPN useful?

ruminant animal nutrition, specifically for providing nitrogen to rumen microbes that then synthesize microbial protein

What are the major cereal grains?

wheat, rice, maize (corn), barley, oats, rye, sorghum, and millet

Which cereal grain is highest in energy?

corn

Why do we feed corn to livestock?

high-energy, readily available, and cost-effective

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with rye?

Least palatable of all grains

Often contains ergot

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with peanut meal?

Composition varies widely, depending on shell inclusion

Danger from Aflatoxin

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with blood meal?

Old methods gave low quality (low lysine) and unpalatable product

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with soybean?

Raw bean has trypsin inhibitor, an enzyme that inhibits protein digestion

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with cottonseed?

Low protein quality

Can contain toxic gossypol

Why is soybean meal heated?

Raw bean has trypsin inhibitor that you can remove by heating

What makes the difference between 44 and 48.5% SBM?

hulled and dehulled

What are the major byproducts fed to livestock from corn processing by dry milling?

Corn Bran

Corn Germ Meal

Hominy Feed

What are the major byproducts fed to livestock from corn processing by wet milling?

Corn Gluten Meal

Corn Gluten Feed

What are the major byproducts fed to livestock from wheat processing?

Wheat Bran

Wheat middlings

How could 2 feeds have the same TDN and DE values, but be of different energy use to the animal?

they could have different heat increments or urinary E

How could a feed be of little protein value even though its biological value is high?

it could have low/poor digestibility

How could a feed be of little protein value even though its digestibility is high?

it could have poor Biological value

On what basis would you evaluate the protein in a feed for cattle?

Crude Protein(CP) because they can utilize NPN

On what basis would you evaluate the protein in a feed for hogs?

Protein Value (PV) because it incorporates BV (AA balance) which non ruminants need because they can't use NPN

What is the cereal grains’ general protein quantity?

low

What is the cereal grains’ general protein quality?

low

What is the cereal grains’ general mineral content?

P fair, Ca poor

What is the cereal grains’ general vitamin content?

Low- A D B2 B12 Pantothenic acid

OK- Thiamine, Niacin (BUT BOUND), Vit E

What is tannin and what feed is it present in?

bind and precipitate proteins

Makes grain astringent

Can be processed to remove

Can add methionine to poultry diets to counter

*grain sorghum*

What is ergot and what feed is it present in?

a fungus that grows on *rye*

Possible cause of the witch trials

What protein supplements are good substitutes for soybean meal?

linseed meal and peanut meal

What are oat groats?

dehulled oats, equal or better value to corn

Why feed corn gluten meal to chickens?

Very yellow, so feed to poultry to make egg yolk bright yellow

What is opaque-2 corn?

A special corn variety for a special purpose, increased lysine content

Who discovered opaque-2?

researchers at Purdue-Mertz, Bates, and Nelson

What impact has opaque-2 corn had on livestock feeding?

has a higher nutritional value than normal corn, particularly for monogastric animals

can improve growth rates and feed efficiency in livestock

What impact has opaque-2 corn had on human feeding?

can be a valuable source of protein for human consumption, especially in regions where maize is a staple food and lysine is a limiting amino acid

What genetic changes to corn endosperm have implications for livestock feeding?

Brown midrib

Waxy

Sugary-2

Opaque-2

Combinations

What is gossypol and what feed is it present in?

a natural toxin, a polyphenolic pigment, found in the glands of cotton plants

*cottonseed meal*

What is trypsin inhibitor and what feed is it present in?

an enzyme that inhibits protein digestion

*soybean meal*

What is aflatoxin and what feed is it present in?

A deadly carcinogenic mycotoxin, mold found in corn and peanut meal

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with grain sorghum?

Processing required

prussic acid (cyanide) and nitrate poisoning, especially after drought or frost, and can also include ergot poisoning and mycotoxin contamination

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with wheat?

highly fermentable in the rumen and can result in bloat, acidosis, and digestive upsets if too much is included in the diet

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with oats?

nitrate toxicity, mycotoxins, acidosis, and enterotoxemia

What feeding problems or toxicities are associated with barley?

low energy

mycotoxin contamination, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON), and ergot

What are the major mycotoxins affecting livestock?

Deoxynivalenol(DON), Zearalenone, Aflatoxin, Fumonisin, Ergot

What fungal organism produces Deoxynivalenol?

Gibberella Zea (F. roseum)

What fungal organism produces Zearalenone?

Gibberella Zea (F. roseum)

What fungal organism produces Aflatoxin?

Aspergillus flavus

What fungal organism produces Fumonisin?

Fusarium moniliforme

What fungal organism produces Ergot?

Claviceps purpurea

What are the methods of processing corn?

dry milling process and wet milling process

What are the methods of processing wheat?

grinding and milling(roller/hammer)

Which livestock is corn gluten feed usually fed to and for what purpose?

cattle for an energy and protein source

What are the major byproducts of corn milling?

Dry-Corn Bran, Corn Germ Meal, Hominy Feed

Wet-Corn Gluten Meal, Corn Gluten Feed

What are the major byproducts of wheat milling?

Wheat Bran, Wheat middlings, Wheat germ meal

What are the byproducts of the brewing industry and what are their characteristics?

Brewer’s grains (wet or dried)-What’s left of the barley, 24% CP, 15% CF, 70% TDN, .6% Ca, 1.0 % P, Especially good for dairy cattle

Spent Hops-Hops are vegetative plants (like Brussels sprouts), added for flavor, filtered out and can be fed to cattle

Brewer’s dried yeast-40 - 45% CP, 5 - 10% Ash, Good source of vitamins

Malt sprouts

What are the byproducts of the distilling industry and what are their characteristics?

distiller's grains: product left over after removing the alcohol from the fermented grain, mostly fed to ruminant animals

distiller's dried grains with soluble s(DDGS): main byproduct of alcohol production for gasoline replacement, Fed to beef dairy sheep as a source of B vitamins

What other oilseed meals are protein supplements (other than SBM)?

Cottonseed meal

Linseed meal

Peanut meal

Copra (coconut meal)

Minor amounts of rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, canola, camelina