Exam 3 Clinical Application and Other Important Info

retroperitoneal

only partly covered with visceral peritoneum

how is the surface area of the intestines increased

raised circular folds (pilcae circulares)

cilli helps even further expansion for absorption

jejunum vs ileum

jejunum is larger in diameter, thicker walls, greater cascularity, less mesenteric fat and more prominent circular folds

too little fluid reabsorbed in the colon

still is more watery resulting in diarrhea

too much fluid reabsorbed in the colon

stool becomes dry and more solid leading to constipation

Overall health concerns with diarrhea

could lead to dehydration

malnutrition could present

overall health concerns with constipation

can cause blockage of the colon which can cause inflammation and possible perforation of the colon

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

may be caused by obstruction of hardened fecal material

pain felt in umbilicus area

If infection spreads pain can be localized

Biliary tree

gets the liver-produced bile out of the liver and into the duodenum or stored in the gallbladder

Pain in the gallblader can be carried by what nerve

right phrenic —> pain in the neck

due to the proximity to the diaphragm

adrenal cortex

secretion of steroid hormones

includes cortisol which is released in response to stress and aldosterone which helps control the balance of fluid in the blood

adrenal medulla

secretion of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

impact our fight or flight response

renal

kidney

Kidney and renal hypertension

increased blood pressure in the renal arteries

narrowed renal arteries decrease blood flow to the kidneys —> kidneys react as if the body is dehydrated

drainage of esophagus

the thoracic esophagus drains into the azygos system, while the abdominal esophagus blood has drainage into the gastric veins

drainage of rectum

the middle and inferior rectum drains into the iliac veins, while superior rectum drain into the inferior mesenteric vein

subcostal plane

passing through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage on each side

transtubercular plane

passing through the iliac tubercles and the body of the L5 vertebra

midclavicular planes

passing the midpoints of clavicles to the midinguinal points, the mid points of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spines and the superior edge of the pubic symphysis

superficial to deep structures of the abdominal wall

skin —> superficial fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue (camper fascia) —> deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue (scarpa fascia) —> superficial investing fascia —> external oblique —> intermediate investing fascia —> internal oblique —> deep investing fascia —> transverse abdominis —> endoabdominal fascia —> extraperitoneal fat —> parietal peritoneum

arcuate line clinical significance

site of weakness in the abdominal wall —> tears and separation of tissues

inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus sheath

inguinal hernia

a protrusion of parietal periotneum and viscera, such as the small intestine, through a normal or abnormal opening from the abdominal cavity

which type of hernia is most common

indirect (60-65%)

biological factors that affect the balance between collagen synthesis and lysis

renal failure, diabetes, malnutrition, altered immunity

peritoneum

a continous, glistening and slipper transparent serous membrane

Peritoneal fluid

lubricates the cavity allowing viscera to move without friction

path of digestion

oral cavity —> esophagus —> stomach —> duodenum —> jejunum —> ileum —> cecum —> ascending colon —> transverse colon —> descending colon —> sigmoid colon —> rectum —> anus

which organs or structures are at greater risk for local invasion from pancreatic tumors?

duodenum, bile duct, stomach, liver, gallblader, SMV, SMA

Thoracic cavity viscera clinical correlations

mesothelioma —> cancer of the pleura

associated with exposure to asbestos

carina

located at the bifurcation of the trachea