Gen Bio I

biology

science of living organisms and life processes, including the study of structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of organisms

cytology

cells

histology

tissue

zoology

animals

botany

plants

limnology

brackish water

ecology

the relationship between an organism and its environment

pathology

diseases

evolutionary biology

changing of an organism over time

herpetology

reptiles

ornithology

birds

ichthyology

fish

mammalogy

mammals

vertebrate zoology

animals with backbones

invertebrate zoology

animals without backbones

taxonomy

classification

anatomy

structure of bones

morphology

shape/form

osteology

bones

biochemistry

chemistry of life

genetics

heredity

microbiology

bacteria

entomology

insects

animal husbandry

mating/breeding

cellular organization

molecules, cells, and organs that are the most important in the DNA molecule

metabolism

acquire and use materials (nutrients) to obtain energy, this energy carries out chemical reactions such as growing-reproducing. nutrients from the air, water, and soil

energy

the ability to do work

producers, consumers, and decomposers

how do organisms acquire these nutrients?

producers

photosynthesis

autotrophy

self-feeder

heterotrophy

other feeder

decomposers

breakdown material to be recycled

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively constant internal body conditions (pH, temperature, water). all organisms have a range of tolerance, cells perform chemical reactions in order to maintain internal conditions within these ranges

ability to respond to stimuli

sensitivity, light, sound, and the presence of prey

ability to reproduce

all living things pass on their DNA, the genetic information within all organisms

capacity to evolve

the genetic information of one organism stays the same over its lifetime; however, variations between parents and offspring allow for the genetic material of a species to change over time

organization (unity) of life on earth

a hierarchy; each level is based on the level below it and provides the basis for the one above it (simple to complex)

emergent properties

inactions between the parts making up the whole, novel properties

subatomic particles, atom, molecule, organelle, cell

what are the cellular levels?

subatomic particles

particles that make up an atom (protons, neutrons, and electrons)

atom

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element (H, Al, Fe, O)

molecule

2 or more joined atoms (H2 + O = water)

organic molecules

composed mainly of carbon

organelle

structure within a cell that performs a specific function, cannot survive on its own

cell

smallest unit of life; must contain DNA, be able to perform chemical reactions (gather food for energy, expel waste…), surrounded by a membrane for protection

tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what are the organismal levels?

tissue

group of cells that perform a function together (brain tissue, lung tissue)

organ

structure composed of tissues that function together (brain, lung)

organ system

two or more organs working together (nervous system)

organism

all organ systems functioning together to make up a single living individual

unicellular and multicellular

what are the two types of organisms?

unicellular

composed of one living cell and does not have tissues or organs

multicellular organism

living individual living composed of >1 cell

population, species, community, ecosystem/biome

what are the population levels?

population

members of the same species living together (lion pride)

species

group of genetically similar organisms (lion)

community

populations of different species living together (lion pride, zebra herd)

ecosystem/biome

community plus its non-living environment (water, soil, temperature)

terrestrial and aquatic

what are the two types of ecosystems?

terrestrial ecosystem

train forest, grasslands

aquatic ecosystem

lakes, ponds, coral reef

biosphere

earth and its living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components

energy, heat

in ecosystems, the same nutrients keep cycling through populations, but ___ flows because it is eventually converted to ___

human populations

______ tend to modify existing ecosystems for its own purposes

biodiversity

number and size of populations in a community

species richness

the number of individuals within a population (zoos have a high biodiversity {dozens of different kinds of animals}, but low species richness {just a few individuals})

extinction

the death of a species or larger classification category

extinct in the wild

only found in captivity, no longer in nature

taxonomy

the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules

Carolus Linnaeus

father of taxonomy 1735; developed the binomial system of naming organisms

categorizing the diversity of life

a hierarchy usually categorized by cell number, cell type, and how energy is acquired

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

what are the two main cell types?

prokaryotic

“no nucleus”

bacteria

decomposer of the world; distributed in various environments

archaea

live in extreme environments; hot springs, high sanity, low pH, etc.

eukaryotic

“true nucleus”; most multicellular organisms; some unicellular organisms

protista, fungi, plantia, and animalia

what are the kingdoms for eukaryotics?

protista

auto/heterotrophic or decomposers; uni/multicellular (euglena, amoeba, kelp); currently being split up

fungi

multicellular; heterotrophic or decomposers (molds, mushrooms)

plantia

multicellular; autotrophic (photosynthesis) (oaks, roses, grasses)

animalia

multicellular; ingest their food

herbivores

plant eater (zebra, deer)

carnivores

meat eaters (lions, wolves)

parasites

host eater (tapeworm)

decomposers

eat dead things (vultures)

insectivores

insect eaters (bats, spiders)

omnivores

plant and meat eater (humans)

mutations

changes in DNA; response to environmental changes, conditions

Charles Darwin

father of evolution (origin of species)

genetic variation exists within a population

differences in the actual genetic code occur in individuals of the same population

inheritance

___ of those differences occurs when parents them on to their offspring

natural selection

allows for the survival and increased reproduction of the individuals with the most favorable genetic variations over time

physiological processes, behavior, shapes, and sizes

what are the types of natural selection?

physiological processes

digestion

behavior

new way to gather food

shapes

better at hiding

sizes

long legs for running

evolve

to enable an individual to be better suited to its environment

adaptation

if the environment changes, the ___ may no longer be beneficial over a long period of time; this may change the genetic make-up of a population as new ___ arise

acclimation

a temporary adjustment to an environmental condition. ex: when you reduce the temperature in a fish tank; the fish respond by changing their breathing rates - they are adjusting to a new environment