HA&P: Lab Exercise 7

What kind of functions does the skin have?

Able to insulate and cushion the underlying body tissues and protects the entire body from abrasion, exposure to harmful chemicals, temperature extremes, and bacterial invasion

What two distinct regions does the skin have?

Epidermis & Dermis

What is immediately deep to the dermis, and is not considered part of the skin?

Subcutaneous layer, or Hypodermis

What part of the cell is the most abundant epidermal cell, its main function is to produce keratin fibrils, and are tightly connected to each other by desmosomes?

Keratinocytes

This is a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its durability and protective capabilities?

Keratin

This kind of cell are spidery black cells that produce the brown-to-black pigment which is called what, to which it provides a protective pigment umbrella over the nuclei of the cells in the deeper epidermal layers?

Melanocytes; Melanin

What two areas are melanin more concentrated in?

Freckles & Moles

What kind of cells can be called Langerhans Cells, arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis, and play a key role in activating the immune response?

Dendritic cells

What kind of cell are spiky hemispheres that form sensitive touch receptors located at the epidermal-dermal junction?

Tactile epithelial cells

Which layer of the epidermis is the excited layer, and is the outermost layer consisting of 20-30 layers of dead, scalelike keratinocytes?

Stratum corneum

What layer in the epidermis is the clear layer, and is present only in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

What layer in the epidermis is the granular layer, is a thin layer named for the abundant granules its cells contain. and have two types of lamellar granules and keratohyaline?

Stratum granulosum

What granule in the stratum granulosum contains a waterproofing glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space?

Lamellar granules

What kind of granules in the stratum granulosum helps to form keratin in the more superficial layers?

Keratohyaline granules

What layer in the epidermis is called the spiny layer, has several layers of cells that contain, thick, weblike bundles of intermediate filaments made of a pre-keratin protein, appears spiky, and the cells in this layer receive nourishment?

Stratum spinosum

What layer of the epidermis is called the basal layer, is a single row of cells immediately above the dermis, the cells are undergoing mitosis to form new cells, and about 10-25% of the cells in this layer are melanocytes?

Stratum basale

The papillary and reticular areas are in this area?

The Dermis

What part of the dermis is the more superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue, has fingerlike projections from the dermal papillae, which it attaches to the epidermis above?

Papillary Dermis

What is produce on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, which are unique patterns of epidermal ridges?

Fingerprints

What two receptors can be found in the papillary dermis?

Pain receptors (free nerve endings) & Touch receptors (tactile corpuscles in hairless skin)

What part of the dermis is the deepest skin layer and it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors?

Reticular dermis

What is a yellow-orange pigment present in the stratum corneum and in the adipose tissue of the hypodermis?

Carotene

What is the condition where the blood is inadequately oxygenated and the blood and the take on this bluish cast?

Cyanosis

What condition is where the tissues become yellowed, is almost always diagnostic for liver disease?

Jaundice

What disease is of a bronzing of the skin that hints that a person’s adrenal cortex is hypoactive?

Addison’s disease

1. Is the visible attached portion

2. Is the portion of the nail that grows out away from the body

3. Is the region beneath the free edge of the nail

4. Is the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed

5. Is the skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

6. Is the projection of the thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle

7. Is the extension of the stratum basale beneath the nail

8. Is the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

9. Is the proximal region of the thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent moon

1. Nail plate

2. Free edge

3. Hyponychium

4. Nail root

5. Nail folds

6. Eponychium

7. Nail bed

8. Nail matrix

9. Lunule

1. Peripheral connective tissue (fibrous) sheath

2. External root sheath

3. Internal root sheath

4. Cuticle

5. Cortex

6. Medulla

Which region of the hair is the region projecting from the surface of the skin?

Hair shaft

Which region of the hair is beneath the surface of the skin and is embedded within the hair follicle?

Hair root

This is a collection of well-nourished epithelial cells at the base of the hair follicle?

Hair bulb

What are the three layers of keratinized cells that the hair shaft and the hair root have?

1. Is in the center

2. To number one is surrounded by the?

3. This protects number one?

1. Medulla

2. Cortex

3. Cuticle

What is the structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells?

Hair follicle

What is enclosed by a basement membrane, the glassy membrane, and by a peripheral connective tissue that is dermal tissue?

Epithelial root sheath

What is of the small nipple of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb from the peripheral connective tissue sheath and it provides nutrition to the growing hair?

Hair papilla

These are a layer of actively dividing epithelial cells that is located on top of the hair papilla?

Hair matrix

What are the small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis?

Arrector pili muscle

What cutaneous glands are found in almost all over the skin, except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, and their ducts empty into a hair follicle?

Sebaceous (Oil) Gland

What is the product of sebaceous glands and is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells that acts as a lubricant to keep the skin soft and moist and keeps the hair from becoming brittle?

Sebum

What are the accumulation of dried sebum, bacteria, and melanin from epithelial cells in the oil duct?

Blackheads

This is an active infection of the sebaceous glands?

Acne

What kind of cutaneous glands are exocrine glands that are widely distributed all over the skin and the outlets for this gland are epithelial openings called pores?

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

What kind of sweat glands can be called merocrine sweat glands, are distributed all over the body, produce a clear secretion consisting of water, salts, and urea, are important part of the body’s heat-regulating apparatus, and secrete sweat when the external temperature or body temperature is high?

Eccrine sweat glands

What kind of sweat glands are found predominantly in the axillary and genital areas, they secrete the basic components of eccrine sweat plus proteins and fat-rich substances, and is initially odorless?

Apocrine sweat glands