Development Across the Lifespan: Kohlberg and Freud

Who developed the theory of moral reasoning that includes independence of thought and action?

Lawrence Kohlberg.

What are the four key components of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg?

Self, Others, Society (generalized others), and universal principles.

What is Heinz's Dilemma used to illustrate in Kohlberg's theory?

It is used to explore children's reasoning about moral decisions.

What are the three levels of moral development according to Kohlberg?

Post-Conventional, Conventional, and Pre-conventional.

What characterizes the Post-Conventional level of moral development?

It is based on personal conscience.

What is the focus of the Conventional level of moral development?

It is based on social rules, such as peer pressure.

What is the Pre-conventional level of moral development primarily concerned with?

It is concerned with consequences.

What does psychosocial development involve according to the notes?

It involves resolving crises at each stage, which influences identity formation.

What is the main idea of psychosexual development?

It involves the transfer of libidinal energy from one erogenous zone to another.

What happens if conflicts at a particular psychosexual stage are not resolved?

It results in fixations.

What are the three psychic structures in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Id, Ego, and Super Ego.

What is the role of the Id in Freud's theory?

It is responsible for pleasures and impulses.

What is the function of the Ego in Freud's theory?

It acts as a referee between the Id and Super Ego.

What does the Super Ego do according to Freud?

It tries to prevent the inappropriate manifestation of the Id.

What are Freud's defense mechanisms?

They are psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and maintain self-image.

What is the significance of resolving crises in psychosocial development?

The way each person resolves crises influences their approach to subsequent life stages.