AP World Unit 0

The First Migrations

People first appeared in East Africa (200,000 - 100,000 BCE)

Paleolithic Era: egalitarian Society

• stone tools, controlling fire, hunting and gathering, small groups

• animisim: god deities were seen as features of nature

By 10,000 BCE, people lived in every continent

The Agricultural Revolution

Began in the Middle East

Around 8000 BCE, the climate started to warm after an Ice Age—> allowed people to start growing food—> led to food surplus

Agricultural Revolution Positives

Population started to grow—> development of settlements + cities

people became highly skilled at one job—> job specializaiton

new technology was created—> irrigation systems, wheel for transportation, and replacement of stone with iron + bronze

Agricultural Revolution Negatives

social classes were created which led to the decline in status of women

conflicts were created because of competition for resources + wealth

people created more taxation—> but was a positive because people wanted to keep records of taxes which led to the invention of writing

The First Civilizations

After the Agricultural revolution, the first river valley civilizations started to form

• Mesopotamia—> Tigris + Euphrates

• Egypt—> Nile River.

• Ancient India—> Indus River

• Ancient China—> Huang He River (Yellow River)

Mesopotamia

• first

• Tigris + Euphrates

• ziggurats based on social classes

• engaged in long distance trade

• highly patriarchal

• polythiestic

• Sumer (city-state): invented cuneiform for taxes + written laws

Egypt

• Nile River Valley

• highly centralized over one pharaoh

• developed hieroglyphics and a system of mathematics

• built pyramids to represent pharaoh’s power

• Egyptian women—> could own property, own businesses, and same as men in court

• higher social standing for women

Indus River Valley

Ancient India

• engaged in long-distance trade with Mesopotamia

• polythiestic—> Hinduism

• Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro cities engaged in long-distance trading with Mesopotamia

Ancient China

• Huang He River (Yellow River)

• highly patriarchal + centralized government

• special honor given from people to ancestors

Olmecs

civilization from Mesopotamia + participated in complex trade

Chavin

civilization in Andes (South America) + participated in complex trade

Hinduism

polythiestic (monothiestic because of belief of one god in many forms)

origins go back 3500 years ago

Aryans from North of Mountains migrated south to what is now Pakistan + India

Vedas—> scriptures that taught the soul of a person is born many times

also taught that people should organize into social classes called castes, and carry out duties in that caste (Brahmans highest)

unified society bcz of this

Zoroastrianism

developed in Persia

believed in good vs evil

Judaism

monothiestic

Hebrews or Israelites

trace their teachings back to Abraham who live 4000 years ago

believed that they entered into a covenant (promise) with God (Yahweh) and for their devotion, they are the chosen ones

Old Testament

Empires Arose Around (600 BCE - 600 CE)

Western Eurasia: Persia, Greek, Roman—>Byzantine

Southern Asia: Mauryan + Gupta

Eastern Asia: Qin + Han Dynasties

Mesoamerica: the Mayans

Silk Roads

where ideas + people + trades travelled which fostered the development some cities: Rome, Constantinople, Damascus, Pataliputra, and Chang'an (government protected these roads)

Buddhism

• universalizing

• started in South Asia

• founder was Siddhartha Gautama—> born into a wealthy family but wanted to find why people suffer so left his family to go into years of meditation and found that no desire = no suffering

• Four Noble Truths: eliminate desires + suffereing by following the Eightfold Path→ achieve englightment (nirvana)

• goal is to over time achieve enlightenment and nirvana, ending the cycle of life and death

• monastic faith: monastery communities for men and women

Spread of Buddhism

provided an alternative to the Vedic beliefs that were the foundations of Hinduism

became attrative for the lower caste because it didnt reject lower caste

spreaded it with merchants on the Silk Road + missionaries

The Mauryan Empire

(322 BCE - 187 BCE)

• first period of unity in South Asia

• Ashoka Ruler: promoted prosperity and made a tax system and built roads

• spreaded knowledge of the law by writing his edictson pillars

• Ashoka became buddhist, and after he died the empire decreased in power

The Gupta Empire

(320 CE - 550 CE)

• second period of unity in South Asia

• golden age of India

• a centralized government in Pataliputra and quality of life was good

• medicine + math flourished

• patriarchal and men held the most power in public

• supported Hinduism

Developments in East Asia

(1076 BC - 256 BCE)

• central China was under Zhou Dynasty and warring states period occured

• Mandate of Heaven: legacy that was a universal force that provided justification for the emperor to rule

• if any natural disasters occured, it looked like a sign from gods that the ruler is corrupted—> peasant upbringings

Confucianism

during warring states period, Confucious was born and his teachings describe how poeple should behave in life and focus on education + respect for emperor

• patriarchal social empire

• his followers were called the Analects

• emphasized Filial Peity—> people honoring their ancestors

Daoism

second response to the warring states period and focused on how people could live in harmony with nature (reflection)

internal reflection more than external behavior

Qin Dynasty

regained stability and standardized Chinese scripts, measures + weights, and built canals + roads—> increased trade + prosperity

Han Dynasty

golden age of China, science and technology prospered, magnetic compass, paper, rudder,—> traded luxury items likes silk, gems, tea, metals

transfomred government systems with the civil service exam it let people who understood Confucius teachings into the government

Persia

Cyrus the Great ruled Persian Empire (559 BCE)

included most of the lands from the Aegan Sea in the west to the border of India

Achaemenid Empire

strong centralized government + network of roads—> promoted trade + prosperity

religious toleration

Greece

divided into 1000 city states—> one leader was difficult

shared religion—> many gods (Zeus, Achilles—> helped explain why Greeks developed a feeling that they controlled their own destiny)

Athens: improvements in architecture, literature, philosphy and developed democracy

Spartans: powerful military, women were allowed to fight

In 300 BCE, the army of Alexander the Great spreaded Greek culture into Egypt, Persia, and India (Hellenistic World)

Rome

founded in 753 BCE

relied on slavery

lasting affect on governments today

borrowed culture from Greeks

practice of a representative government—> innocent until proven guilty (Twelve Tables with civil + criminal laws)

women had more rights

mediterranean Sea (Roman Lake)

aqueducts—> brought water to the city + Colosseum

Problems that led to Rome’s Downfall

• leaders over-extended the Roman military

• often corrupted government + miltary

• epidemics + plagues (bubonic)

• trade decreased—> economy failed

• invasions by Huns, Visigoths, and Vandals

The Development of Christianity

enduring legacy—> religion + tolerated all faiths as long as they accepted the emperor as god (Rome)

people with monothiestic beliefs couldn’t do this, (Jews), led to Jewish diaspora

One leader (Jesus) had his teachings but was soon persectued

People considered him as Christ (savior) so they made his teachings called Christianity + spreaded it throughout Rome

Soon became legal in the 1st century under Constantine (ruler)

attractive for the lower class because it taught for better life after death

Byzantine

the eastern half of the Roman Empire that became wealthier + powerful under emperor Constanine and named his capital Constantinople

Justinian the Great reigned the Byzantine Empire and created Justinian Code + Hagia Sophia (a church)

Teotihuacan

Near mexico

multicultural urban area that prospered by trade and became the largest city in the world at 6th century

temples were dedicated to the sun and moon gods

city of gods after it collapsed but influence the Aztecs

The Mayans

traced back to 1500 BCE and reached its peak of prosperity at 250 - 900 CE

developed a complex written language, calendar, and understood the concept of 0

As technology development made trade easier—>

governments provided the wealth + security to foster these trade routes

Key technologies

sail design, ship hulls, and camel saddles

The mediterranean sea

continued to facilitate cultural exchange + goods between Greeks, Romans, Pheonecians and people of North Africa

Decline of Empires

• challenges collecting taxes—> decreased government

• decline in trade—> economy went bad + less access to foreign trade

• spread of diseases

• increase in people’s wealth and class led to conflicts

• lack of support for leadership made solving problems harder

• attacks by outside groups

The decline of empires led to the decline of trade + stability, but

new centralized states emerged that promoted propsperity + replaced them

Afro-Eurasia

• silk roads

• Indian ocean networks

• trans-Saharan trade routes

• all provided silk, spices, ivory and porcelain

• allowed for culture and technology to move around

• deadly diseases did occur tho

Islam

Muhammed was born and recieved revelations from God which he wrote down in the Qur’an which is now used today

5 pillars of Islam: belief, faith, ritual prayer, almsgiving, and pilgramage to Mecca

no distinction between religious + civil law

Sunnis + Shi’as: Muhammeds leader ship led to peace during warring tribes but after he died, they split into two camps

Sunnis: caliph was picked from community

Shi’a: caliph was picked from bloodline of Muhammed

Spread of Islam

spreaded to South spain, North Africa, Middle East, and parts of South Asia—> Dar al Islam (House of Islam)

rulers of caphilate were Abbasid Caphilate —> golden age

helped China restablish trade on Silk Road

Baghad was capital of education + knowledge

religious toleration but had to pay a tax if non-muslim

strengtthneded women’s rights

Sui Dynasty

created a centralized government + foundation

construction of the Grand Canal which connected the agricultural south to the population centers in the north

unify various ethnicities in China

Tang Dynasty

extended boundaries into Mongola, Vietnam, and west of Central Asia

population grew by a lot

peasants produced rice faster per acre, so land could support more people

invneted gun power + paper money

second golden age of Silk Road because of the demand for silk + porcelain

‘Middle Kingdon’ because they felt that they were the center for other Kingdoms because of the trading—> tributes from other kingdoms

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279)

• restored order and continued the golden age

• chinese meritocracy allowed for upward mobility

• leading manufacturer of iron, steel, silk, porcelain

• large cities

• Neo-Confucianism: mix of confucianism, daoism, and buddhism

• paper money + compass were exported to other countries

Japan

(800 - 1200)

• own golden age of painting and literature

• distinctive culture

• clans of nobles eroding emperor’s power—> power decentralized —> warfare

• Hierarchy: shogun (military general), daiyamos (power land lords followed shogun), peasants, merchants

• each daiyamo had a force of sammurais

• Shino religion—> belief in nature spirits

• missionaries later brought Buddhism and became very popular, but most people kept their Shinto beliefs as well

Africa

(600 - 1200)

self-governing chiefdoms where people were related—> formed larger units

• cultures were diverse

• migration of Bantu-speaking people of west Africa between 1000 BCE - 1500 CE—> excelled at farming and using iron

• agricultural practices demanded stronger governments—> controlled production and distribution of food surplus

• camel saddle—> led to long distance trade

• Kingdom of Ghana: protected the trade routes + taxed gold and salt that came out

• muslim merchants spread their religion and west Africa became part of the House of Islam

• Great Zimbabwe: decline because of reduced output of gold mines

South + Southeast Asia

After the fall of the Gupta Empire—> fighting

Hinduism and the caste system only thing keeping unity and stability

experienced invasions (White Huns) and Islam was brought to the region

trade flourished with hub of Indian Ocean trade

Buddhists + Hindus also used trade routes to spread their teachings

became dominant in Spice Islands + Malay peninsula

Phoencians

gave the oldest known alphabet