Migration, Identity and Sovereignty EQ4

what is nationalism?

a patriotic feeling of pride and loyalty to a nation state and institution

what is national identity?

identity as a result of a shared background of culture, symbolism and feelings of belonging

what correlation shows that nationalism remains a powerful force?

correlation between increasing globalisation and the desire of citizens to sever ties with other places

how is nationalism reinforced?

through education, sport and politics

3 examples of nationalism in the UK being reinforced?

the teaching of British values in schools eg democracy, reinforced using government policy

England in the Football World Cup

2022 2nd place in Eurovision (Spaceman by Sam Ryder)

what is a non-UK example of political parties stressing loyalty to the institution and nation state?

US pledging daily allegiance to the flag since 1892

identity and loyalty may be tied to what four factors? + an example for each

symbols of nationalism - Star Spangled Banner of the US

distinctive legal systems - French Revolution leaving legacy of freedom or British Magna Carta (foundation of UK laws)

national character - British freedom rooted in ‘democracy and free press’ (David Cameron 2014)

a landscape - the English Countryside as depicted in Wordsworth poetry

what is meant by ‘national character’?

how a nation is viewed by other nations

why are questions of national identity and loyalty often complex in an era of globalisation?

as most countries are multi-national (melting pots) with many contrasting ethnic groups especially in urban areas

a UK example of complex national identity?

2011 census - ethnic minorities in London identifying more closely with ‘Britishness’ than their White British counterparts

describe one temporal variation in national identity

‘English’ only identity falling by 35.8% from 2011 to 2021 census

how is national identity in New Zealand becoming more complex?

once part of the British Empire, now has a new flag w/o union jack for the sake of cultural cohesion eg with Maori culture

why is national identity an elusive and contested concept?

varies depending on personal perceptions + birthplace

sports event may present only one interpretation

it changes over time between generations and areas

it changes with globalisation and immigration

why is ‘Made In Britain’ an increasingly complex idea?

as 1 in 4 large UK-based companies are now foreign owned

why is national identity challenged when UK-based companies are foreign owned?

influence of the overseas TNC or foreign government creating a loss of sovereignty

what is a sovereign wealth fund?

government-owned investment vehicles that invest the wealth of nations in companies and projects around the world

1 example of a UK-based company owned by an overseas TNC?

Kraft (US) acquiring Cadbury in 2010

1 example of a UK-based company owned by a foreign government?

Chinese government owning a large stake in Heathrow Airport

an example of products made abroad but assembled in the UK?

BMW (German) Mini

what % of the UK energy supply is provided by 6 large companies and how many of these companies are foreign-owned?

95% - 4 of these are foreign-owned

under what 3 circumstances may the UK government intervene in the sale of a UK company?

if financial stability is at risk

if it is a risk to national security

to protect jobs

which company is constructing Hinkley Point nuclear power in Somerset?

EDF Energy (French government funding)

state 3 cons of foreign ownership + eg

profits flow overseas with a loss of taxation revenue eg Boots headquarters moving to Switzerland (2014)

home country bias - lack of emotional connection with workers eg threat of job losses in Port Talbot Tata Steel

takeovers of strategic industries eg UK refusing 5G from Huawei (Chinese) under suspicion of spying

2 pros of foreign ownership? + eg

each country can do what it is best at

support from wealthy foreigners eg EDF supported London bid to host 2012 Olympic games

what US dominated process also poses a threat to national identity?

Westernisation (eg cultural imperialism)

how has Westernisation impacted retailing?

concept of the ‘mall’ spreading eg Trafford Centre in Manchester

why may the ‘threat’ of Westernisation be decreasing?

more mixed ideas eg K-Pop and Squid games, sushi and curry

ownership of property, land and businesses in countries is increasingly what?

non-national

2 examples of Qatari ownership in London?

they own Harrods, plus stakes in the Shard and Canary Wharf

2 reasons and one cost of London investment?

due to skilled workforce and financial stability, however high investment costs

what is an ethnoscape?

a cultural landscape constructed by a minority ethnic group

what is a non-UK example of foreign ownership of property?

British ethnoscape created by British enclaves in location like Benidorm or Nice

an example of a TNC impacting another nation’s identity

Indian Tata Steel own Port Talbot in South Wales providing jobs and benefitting the Welsh economy

strong nationalist movements are seeking to do what?

to create independent, smaller states whilst remaining within larger trading groups

define autonomous

having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs

define devolution

the transfer of power to a lower level

define secession

separation of part of a state to create a new and fully independent country

describe Scotland in terms of its strong nationalist movement

2014 - Edinburgh parliament allowed by UK to have referendum, 55.3% ‘Better Together’ but afterwards UK stopped Scotland having a second referendum and Nicola Sturgeon stepped down

what would one benefit of Scottish independence be?

autonomy

what would one disadvantage of Scottish independence be?

rising tensions and renegotiations of trade deals

why do modern nationalist movements face challenges in seeking increasing independence?

struggle to generate tax revenue to support services needed to be independent

currency issues eg whether Scotland would still use £

challenging geographical factors eg remoteness of Scotland from the EU

failure of people to recognise the nationalist movement

how have tensions been created by uneven distribution of the costs and benefits of the developed world in Brazil?

2014 Football World Cup hosting cost $22 bn - people arguing that the money would’ve been better spent to reduce food prices, poorest being displaced by the stadium -> demonstrations in Rio

in what way is there disunity in India?

Caste system - divides Hindus into hierarchical groups based on work and duty -> segregated colonies

describe division in China due to globalisation

Hukou system -> rural migrants in urban areas feel deprived as difficult to gain permanent settlement rights eg unable to get school places for their children

in which locations is the sense of national identity weak?

in failed states where there are stark differences between political/economic elite and the wider population

describe the stark differences between the political/economic elite and wider population in Syria

since 2000, economy run by entrepreneurs associated with the ruling family - large amounts of nepotism

what is nepotism?

handing of power to family and friends

in failed states, people often have greater allegiance to what rather than the nation state?

to family, tribe or religion