Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

A&P Lecture 1

What does the female reproductive system include?

ovaries and uterus

what does the male reproductive system include?

prostate gland and testis

what does the urinary system include?

kidneys and bladder

what does the digestive system include?

stomach and intestines

what does the respiratory system include?

trachea and lungs

what does the lymphatic system include?

lymph nodes and spleen

what does the cardiovascular system include?

heart and blood vessels

what does the endocrine system include?

pituitary gland and pancreas

what does the nervous system include?

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

what does the muscular system include?

skeletal muscles

what does the skeletal system include?

bones, cartilage, and joints

what does the integumentary system include?

hair, skin, and nails

what is the organism level composed of?

organ systems that function together to make a working body

what are organs grouped into?

organ systems

what is the organ level composed of?

2 or more tissues that perform a specialized function

what is included in the tissue level?

extracellular matrix

what is the tissue level composed of?

groups of similar cells that perform a common function

what are cells composed of?

organelles

what is the cellular level composed of?

combinations of different molecules to form structures

what is the chemical level composed of?

atoms to complex molecules

what is the smallest level of the human body?

the chemical level

what is the order of the levels of the human body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

what is structural organization?

the human body divided into a series of larger building blocks

what may reproduction refer to?

the creation of cells to replace old/damaged cells or the creation of offspring

what may movement refer to?

motion inside and between cells, or of 1+ cell, or of the organism itself

what is responsiveness?

sense and reaction to changes in the environment

what is responsiveness also known as?

irritability

what happens to waste that is not excreted?

the waste may become toxic

what is excretion?

the removal of waste produced by metabolic processes

what is growth?

an increase in the size or number of cells

what happens when anabolism exceeds catabolism?

growth

what are catabolic reactions?

reactions that break down

what are anabolic reactions?

reactions that build up

what are all chemicals reactions of an organism called?

metabolism

what is the basic unit of life?

the cell

what is the function of the integumentary system?

protects the body and regulates body temperature

what is the function of the skeletal system?

provides support and protection

what is the function of the muscular system?

produces movement and generates heat

what is the function of the nervous system?

produces sensation and regulates body functions

what is the function of the endocrine system?

regulates body functions through hormones

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

pumps blood and transports nutrients and other substances

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

returns excess fluid to blood and provides immunity

what is the function of the respiratory system?

delivers oxygen to blood and removes carbon dioxide from the body

what is the function of the digestive system?

digests food and absorbs nutrients

what is the function of the urinary system?

removes waste from blood and keeps the acid-base balance

what is the function of the male reproductive system?

produces sperm and secrets hormones

what is the function of the female reproductive system?

produces oocytes and is the site of fetal development

What is anatomy?

the study of the structure of an organism

what is systemic anatomy?

the study of the human body at the organ system level

what is gross anatomy?

the study of the organ and organ systems that are visible to the naked eye

define microscopic

requires the aid of a microscope

what is histology?

the study of tissues

what is cytology?

the study of cells

what is physiology?

the study of function in an organism

what is neurophysiology?

the study of the nervous system

what is pathology?

the study of diseases

what is homeostasis?

the maintenance of the body’s internal environment

what does the coordination of many variables result in?

homeostasis

how are homeostatic imbalances prevented?

most variables are controlled to a set-point to remain close to their normal values

what are homeostatic mechanisms controlled by?

feedback loops

what do feedback loops respond to?

a regulated variable changing

what are the two types of feedback?

positive and negative

which feedback loop is more common?

negative

what does a negative feedback loop do?

opposes the initial change in the variable and decreases the outcome

what does a positive feedback loop do?

amplifies the initial change in the variable and increases the outcome

what causes a stimulus?

a regulated variable outside of its normal range

what is a receptor?

a cellular structure that detects information and sends it to the control center

what does the control center do?

takes the information from the receptor and sends it to the effectors

what does the effector do?

receives information from the control center and then causes a response to return the variable back to normal ranges

what type of feedback controls body temperature?

negative, hot = sweating, cold = goosebumps

what does the effector do to the initial stimulus in positive feedback?

increases it

where are positive feedback loops often found?

within a negative feedback loop to produce a quicker response

what causes positive feedback in blood clot formation?

platelets stimulating other platelets

what is positive feedback in childbirth?

fetus pushes against cervix, cervix sends nerve impulses to brain, oxytocin increases, oxytocin amplifies contractions and pushes the baby further towards the cervix

what is the principle of complementarity?

states that form (structure) follows function

what is the function of the many cell layers of the skin?

protects the body

what is the function of hollow blood vessels?

to transport blood

what is the function of strong bones?

to support the body

what is the function of the thin tissues inside the lungs?

they permit gas exchange

what is the function of the hollow muscular urinary bladder?

to store liquid waste