Unit 4 Genetic

Molecular Biology

The branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity

Central Dogma

DNA—>RNA—> Proteins (traits)

Replication

The process of reproducing or duplicating

Transcription

The process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene into RNA

Translation

Process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA)

DNA polymerase

Enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides

mRNA

Codes for polypeptide chain

Polypeptide

A chain of protein

Amino acids

molecules used by all living things to make proteins

Nitrogen bases

A, T, C, G

Base pairing

A+T, C+G

DNA

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, Double helix structure that carries genes

Recombinant DNA

Using enzymes and various lab techniques to manipulate and isolate DNA segments (GMO)

Restriction enzymes

Proteins that isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at a sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end

Bacteriophages

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria. They then take control of the cell. R.E were first discovered here

Electropharesis

Used to seperate DNA and RNA based on their size and charge.

Plasmid

A piece of circular DNA

Ligase

Acts like glue and joins together 2 DNA fragments

Sticky ends

Pieces of DNA fragments with short strands on each side that are complementary to each other (weird cut)

Blunt ends

Pieces of DNA fragments that have no unpaired bases (straight cut)

DNA size standards

1000 base pairs - 10 base pairs

TAE running buffer

Gives an enviornment where DNA can run gel and regulates PH levels

Agarose gels

used to visualize DNA fragments

Sample loading buffer

A reagent added to protein or DNA samples for loading into gels for electrophoresis

DNA stain (blue)

used so we can see the dna fragments

RFLP

The chart of fragments displayed after gel electrophoresis

Restriction sites

A sequence of approximately 6-8 base pairs of DNA that binds to a given restriction enzyme

DNA Digest

the process of cutting DNA molecules into smaller pieces using restriction enzymes

HindIII

A type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from influenzae

EcoRI

A restriction endonuclease enzyme isolated from species E. coli

PstI

A restriction enzyme

How to make a 1% gel

50ml of TAE + 0.5g agarose powder

When to use a high % gel

higher % is for small samples of DNA to move slower