*LEAF Study Set

What do crime analysts do?

COPPERS: Crime, Offenders, Prioritize, Plan, Educate, Resources, Solve

Information vs Intelligence

Information is the product of analysis of data. Intelligence is information that has operational value (a product rather than a source)

Who was the first to use modern crime analysis and products in the 1800s?

London Metropolitan PD

Who was August Vollmer?

Father of American Policing. He was the Chief of Police in Berkley CA (innovations include pin mapping, reports review, and forming patrol districts based on crime volume)

Who popularized the idea of crime analysis units (CAUs)?

O.W. Wilson

What does LEAA stand for?

Law Enforcement Assistance Association

What did the LEAA do?

Provided funding for mid-sized and smaller agencies and published crime analysis manuals in the 1970's.

What does ICAP stand for?

Integrated Criminal Apphrension Program

When was the IACA formed and why?

The IACA was formed in 1990. It helped with community oriented policing and problem oriented policing funding and National Institute of Justice programming

What did the Crime & Disorder act do?

In 1998, it created a new local level analyst in the UK.

How did 9/11 change crime analysis?

It shifted priorities from traditional crime analysis to intelligence gathering and homeland security.

What are some key points of crime analysis?

Its a profession and a process

Uses qualitative and quantitative techniques to analyze data

Includes all analysis of data performed within police agencies (note NOT just crime data)

Supports all major functions of police department

Includes analysis of crime and criminals, crime victims, disorder, quality of life issues, traffic issues, internal police operations

Support criminal investigation and prosecution, patrol, crime prevention/reduction, and evaluation of police efforts

What "IS NOT" crime analysis?

-Crime scene investigators or forensic

-Not profiling

-Not criminological research

What are the 4 main types of crime analysis?

Tactical, Strategic, Administrative, and Crime Intelligence Analysis

Tactical Crime Analysis

Short-term development of patrol and investigative priorities and deployment of resources.
Goal - to identify short-term patterns of activity. Different types of crime patterns are linked by activity type, place, offender, victim, property, and MO

Strategic Crime Analysis

Development and evaluation of long-term strategies, policies, and prevention techniques (include long-term statistical trends, hot spots, and problem areas)

Administrative Crime Analysis

Analysis directed toward the admin needs of the police agency, its government, and community

Criminal Intelligence Analysis

Focus on the people who are involved in a crime; gathering intel on their background and crime network covertly, confidentially, and storing this information securely

What is link analysis?

a visual data-analysis technique that connects people, places, and events to uncover hidden patterns in criminal activity.

Link chart symbols Circles-

Represents people

Link chart symbols Rectangles-

Represents businesses

Link analysis Lines-

Represents a confirmed link

Link analysis Circles Filled In-

Confirmed relationship

Link analysis Circles NOT filled in-

Suspected relationship

Link analysis Plus sign-

Key individual

Link analysis Minus sign-

Person(s) suspected but no confirmation of involvement

What are the types of intelligence reports? Hint: Triple A

Activity, Assessment, & Analytical

How was "intelligence" analysis accomplished?

Through 28 Code of Federal Regulation Part 23

28 Code of Federal Regulation Part 23 was created to ensure the legitimate need of law enforcement to develop and share criminal intelligence which protecting the __________ (two words) and liberties of the citizens of the United States as set forth by the Constitution.

civil rights

What does HIDTA stand for?

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area

What event in history caused a shift for an importance of gatherine intel and sharing it to different agencies (local/state/federal levels)?

September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks (911)

What are the 2 intelligence-led policing centers?

HIDTA & Fusion Centers

What is a Fusion Center?

A large task force of LE that focuses on combatting complex criminal/ terrorist activity. Owned by state or local entities & federally funded. Goal: Collect and disseminate threat-related infro from a variety of organized crime activity

What is a centeralized model of housing crime analyst units?

Having all crime analysts located at Headquaters making it harder for LEO to discuss and coordinate policing strategies. CAUs near admin discourage LEO from stopping by for help or sharing information.

What is a decenteralized model of housing crime analyst units?

Analysts are placed within their assigned area/units in various policing districts to allow LEO to make visits with ease. This model allows for real-time info to be shared back-and-forth

What does ViCAP stand for?

FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program that houses data on unsolved homicides that may be serial

What does “SARA” Problem Solving Process to reduce crime stand for?

Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment

When was the first IACA conference held?

1991

What does the IACA stand for?

International Association of Crime Analysts

Qualitative data

Non-numerical data & examination methods (field research, content analysis). Hint: “Quality”

Quantitative data

Numerical/categorical data and the examination methods used (statistical analysis). Hint: Quantity

Define a positive trend in crime rates

Crime rates have increased meaning that resources and efforts are not working or need to be changed to combat this.

Define a negative trend in crime rates

Crime rates have decreased meaning that policing strategies and resources have been improving these occurences significantly.

What is a hot spot?

small geographic concentration of crime that occur in the same proximity

What does CAD stand for?

Computer Aided Dispatch

Qualitative analysis requires sharp ____________________ (two words) skills in order to discern the relevant from the irrelevant and to incorporate context into decision making.

Critical thinking

Journey to Crime is based on the premise that:

Predatory crimes occur during the course of everyday life of the offender

_______________ (2 words) focuses on answering a question that has real world implications and can thus guide action.

Applied research

The p-value is used to determine statistical significance.

True

Objective, direct, and specific are three characteristics of the ______________ (three words).

Expository writing style

DBMS stands for: _____________________ (3 words)

Database Management System

What does JMS stand for?

Jail Management System for housing booking information/ booking phots/ active warrents/ identifying characteristics of inmates (tattoos, etc.)

What does NCIC stand for?

National Crime Information Center. Classified by the FBI and not permitted to be shared with the public. Has individual criminal record history, fugitive list, stolen property, missing persons within the US

What does CJIS stand for?

Criminal Justice Information Services. The largest division in the FBI that is the centeral repository of crime services and programs (such as NCIC/UCR/IAFIS/NIBRS)

Values that do not overlap - each case has one and only one value - are called:

Mutually exclusive

Marijuana as a drug is unusual in that it may evoke responses of hallucinogens, depressants or even stimulants.

True

After formatting a date using the MONTH function, which function could you use to show the

name of the month?

VLOOKUP

All criminal incidents have an identifiable and sometimes inferred modus operandi (MO) which is

used when _____________ crimes in crime series analysis.

Linking

Research on the effectiveness of police has found that which type of policing has shown the most promise for reducing and preventing crime?

Problem-oriented policing

The 4 purposes of crime analysis are:

To assist police in criminal apprehension, crime and disorder reduction, crime prevention, and evaluation

It is a waste to give presentations to officers or the public about crime analysis

False

Creating a master list, categorizing and ranking tasks, and focusing your efforts is an example of:

Prioritizing

Which of the following is NOT a critical thinking skill?

Assumption

Crime Intelligence products include which of the following:

All of the above

How can you “lie” with statistics? Explain your answer:

We are able to manipulate the data to show what we want. We are able to emphasize or minimize a problem or public concern

What tool can help 'predict' how many incidents of a certain crime type will take place in the future?

Forecasting

Which is larger, the surface web which is the part indexed by search engines or the deep web, which is accessible but not indexed?

Deep Web

What are the 7 types of crime patterns?

Series
Spree
Hot Prey
Hot Product
Hot Spot
Hot Place
Hot Setting

Define a series

a group of similar crimes thought to be committed by the same individual or group of individuals acting together

Series I Offender

A single offender acting alone

Series II Offender

2 or more offenders acting together

Series III Offender

2 or more offender committing some offenses together, some alone, some with others. However, they are considered a group because commiting crimes links these people together

Spree

a series of crimes committed in quick succession

Hot Prey

victims who share the same characteristics or engage in similar behavior

Hot Product

A group of crimes committed by an individual(s) in which a unique type of property is targeted for theft

Hot Place

A group of similar crimes committed by an individual(s) at the same location

Hot Setting

A group of similar crimes committed by an individual(s) that are primarily related by type of place where crimes occurred

Crime Trends

Changes in the types and rates of crime overtime in a specific area or population

Chronic Problem (long-term problem)

a set of related activity that occurs over several months, seasons, or years that stems from opportunities created by everyday behavior and environment

Define temporal Analysis

Analysis of data in relation to units of time

What are the 6 measures of Central Tendency?

Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Standard Deviation, Rate

Mean

the average (the sum of variables divided by the number of values)

Median

the value above and below which one half of all values lie

Mode

The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set.curs most frequently in a given data set.

Range

The span of data distribution for a particular variable. (Max value of the variable subtracted by the min value)

Standard Deviation

The average variation of the values from the mean and helps indicate the shape of the data distribution to determine outliers
(measure of dispersion around the mean)

Crime Rate Calculation

The number of crimes in an area divided by the population of the area

Calculating the percent of change

Examine the relative difference between two numbers

What are the 4 Data Variables?

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval Ratio

Nominal

Values only by name; only categorized with no inherent order (simplest). Example - hair, color, gender (Hint: Name)

Ordinal

values can be ranked and ordered. Example - T-shirt sizes: small, medium, large (Hint: Order)

Interval

Consistent scale with equal intervals between points but no true 0 point. Example - Celsius and Fahrenheit

Ratio

Just like Interval but has a true 0 point; representing increasing levels of measurement (most complex). Example - height, weight

Environmental Criminology

understanding how crime incidents happen in the aspects of the environment or settings; locations repeatedly used for a specific activity at common times (example - mall = shopping)

Routine Activity Approach

How opportunities changed based on behavior at the societal level (example - people leaving wallets in their car when they go to the gym which creates opportunity for theft)

Problem Analysis Triangle aka Crime Triangle

a mechanism based on a theory that is used to break down settings and understand how crime opportunities can occur and be prevented

Crime Pattern Theory

Seeks to explain how people come together in space and time within settings
Events most likely occur when the activity space of the victim and the offender overlap (gym, shopping mall, job, etc)

Journey to Crime

analytical methods which estimates the likely home base for perpetrators (based on location theory of crime - that people commit crimes as part of their daily routine)

Crime Pattern Theory - Offenders

More likely to commit crimes relatively close to where they live and the farther they travel from their place of residence they less likely they will commit a crime. They don't want to be seen as a stranger but also don't want to be recognized so there's usually a 1 mile buffer zone around their place of residence

Rational Choice Theory

Offenders make choices about committing crimes based on anticipated risks and rewards.
If given a chance or the right "opportunity" any person will commit a crime.
If the risks are too high or the reward is not adequate most people would not commit the crime.