Chicano History

1st test

Dehumanizing

Not seeing people as human

Chicano

Indigenous/Indian and /or Hispanic

Other words for Mexican Americans

x/chicano/a/x ; Hispanic ; Latina/o/x/e

Pocho

(white washed)

1. No stereotypical look (skin color) (uncultured)

2. a Mexican who can’t speak spanish

3. Not born in Mexico

Who claims to be early settlers in the U.S. and the largest group of the new arrivals

Only Mexican Americans

What happened in the 1640s?

Conales Clan arrived

What happened in the 1740s?

Conales Clan explored

land grant in South Texas (Starr County)

Who are Anglos?

Anybody of European descent

What did the 13 Anglo families do?

Acquired millions of acres of land from 348 Mexican families

Who was Juan Cortina?

A Conales Clan Family member

Who are the Youg, McAllen, Kennedy, and king?

Names from the Anglo family

What happened during the 1900s-1930s?

More than a million Mexican Americans arrived to the U.S.

Who wrote this quote “ The simple fact is that we must not and we will not surrender our boarders to those who wish to exploit our history of compassion and justice.”

President Bill Clinton. July 27,1993

Who is this person? He migrated to South Texas and became a border Patrol Agent

One of George’s prisoner/captives happened to be his father’s uncle

Agent George Reyes

When was Operation GateKeeper established?

October 1,1994

What is the system that is a “territorial denial” or “prevention through deterrence” strategy that attempts to thwart migrants from entering U.S.

Operation Gatekeeper

What was also happening during October 1, 1994?

This is taking place at a time marked by rapidly intensifying transboundary socioeconomic integration

• making international boundaries increasingly irrevalent

Who curries the favor of the public fearful of the social, political, and economic consequences of the southern boundary “ out of control”

What happened in November 1994?

CA voters overwhelmingly approved Prop 187

What is Prop 187?

A proportion that sough to deny public education, public social services, and public health care services ( with exception of emergencies) to unauthorized immigrants.

Who launched Operation Gatekeeper?

Clinton administration

What did the English do to gain the upper hand from the Mexican families?

Created new codes, taxes, and laws

What happened in October 1,1994? Then the what happened in June 1998?

The U.S. Border Patrol had 980 agents in 1994 then in 1998 it had 2,264

What happened to the fencing and/or walls from October 1,1994- June 1998

Went from 19 miles to 45 miles of fencing or wall

What happened to the underground sensors from October 1,1994- June 1998

The underground sensors increased from 448 to 1,214

What happened to the infrared scope from October 1,1994- June 1998

They grew from 12 to 59.

What did INS say about the goal of Gate Keeper?

The goal is to “restore integrity and safety to the nation’s busiest border".”

Why was the emergence of Operation Gatekeeper a somewhat paradoxical

It is occurring at a time of rapid economic and demographic growth in the border region

What is operation gatekeeper do?

Increases interaction between U.S. and Mexico

What has the boundary proven?

To not only be a barrier, but also a conduit that facilitates interaction between national spaces.

What does NAFTA stand for?

North African Free Trade Agreement

What did NAFTA in 1994 seem to do to the transboundary region’s economic integration and growth

It only intensified the trans-boundary region’s economic integration and growth

What happened in 1994?

NAFTA the North American Free Trade Agreement was enacted and made changes. Like intensifying the transboundary region’s economic integration and growth.

What’s the world’s most policed international divide?

Mexico and America stretch of boundary between two cites which are San Diego and Tijuana.

How many cars and people enter San Diego through San Ysidro port of entry?

About 20 million cars and 60 million enter Sant Diego making it the busiest in the world.

From the busiest port from the San Ysidro port what is happening from all the traffic.

This trend would seem to indicate that the CA-Mex boundary is becoming increasingly irrelevant.

What do San Diego resident believe about the two cities San Diego and Tijuana

They do not believe the 2 cities are growing closer together, dispute significant evidence to the contrary

There are numerous location occurring along the U.S. and Mexico boundary what are they similar to?

Operation Gate Keeper

What is intensifying along of the variety of international boundaries throughout the world?

Policing efforts

What phrase describes the efforts of relatively wealthy countries like U.S. against “illegal” or unauthorized immigrants like Mexico?

Part of a war of sorts

What did state efforts do along those international boundaries that separate widely divergent levels of socioeconomic development ?

Repel unauthorized immigrants

What is the overall goal of gatekeeper?

Undertaking must try to avoid impeding the flow of (authorized) goods, services, and people between the US and Mexico border.

While simultaneously ( at the very least) giving the impression that the boundary is under control

What did the state do to the public concern of the supposed crisis “illegal immigration”

Did not simply reply to the public concern rather it has helped to create the “illegal” through the construction of the boundary and the expansion of the INS’s enforcement capacity

What was Operation Gatekeeper also a part of?

In part of a reaction to growing regional integration along the US and Mexico boundary.

A growing integration that has led to an attempt to enhance separation between U.S. and Mexico, at least in terms of unauthorized immigration.

Clues: The operation embodies the inesification of a trend that has evolved since the designation of the boundary in the aftermath of the US VS Mexico war.

Operation GateKeeper

When was the US and Mexico war?

1846-1848

The greatest significance of (it?) is perhaps it represents a significant shift in American practice and thinking toward US-Mexico boundary and unauthorized immigration.

Operation Gatekeeper

Which systems this? By trying to limit unauthorized entries into the US, is an effort to eliminate illegality.

Yet, at the same time the operation helps to construct and perpetuate illegality

Operation Gatekeeper

Who wrote this? “ Miserable, inefficient Mexico-what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the New World with a noble race? Be it ours to achieve this mission”

Walt Whitman 1846

What is the main cause of immigration?

The lack of opportunities in Mexico specifically labor opportunities

What has happened over the past few decades regarding immigration

The number of immigrants crossing the border has increased

Who emigrates and travels the most across the border?

People from the countryside

What is prompting the fantasy of America?

{people coming back from immigration stating how great America is only the good parts. Like how much money you can make therefore promoting the fantasy

What happens to people that come back from Mexico?

They come back more proud and boastful

How much money can you make in Mexico for a day.

Average $13

How much money can you make in US for a day?

Average $70-80

What’s the necccesary evil?

Mexico communities can’t survive without America

What id NAFTA impact?

Impacted market competitons

Example: Pig Farms gone

In Mexico why can’t you make money farming?

Fertilizer and seeds are expensive

Crops are worthless

NOT WORTH IT

Why can’t Mexico compete with U.S.

Cause cost to make in Mexico is more that U.S.

Why is Mexico suffering

They don’t have government support, the government loses money

What’s different from Mexico to other countries and why they can’t change?

Nobody looks out for each other. In Mexico its every man for himself

What does the program:ministry of rural development, do in Mexico?

This programs try to promote activities other than agriculture to make money for families

Why are people is Mexico scared of?

They are scared to make investments

What’s a big issues from the Mexican government?

They don’t tell the people of the programs that are available like funding.

Corrupted

There are a lot of programs but if your not on the politician’s good side you don’t get benefits.

What do Mexico politicians do once they are elected?

Look out only for themselves

are unaffected by protests

What’s the phrase Mexico is called since they are next to the most powerful country -the U.S?

“The Joke of the World”

What’s wrong with people (Mexicans) view on who they rely on and ignore?

People don’t rely on the government they rely on the US so they don’t care what the government does

What are the two main largest incomes for Mexico?

Oil and the 2nd is tourism

How much money was sent to Mexico from families working in US

$25 billion

-they limit spending in America to save money to send back to Mexico-save and deprive themselves of the luxuries of America

What’s a fact about Mexico about everything that was built there?

Everything built in Mexico, American money helped build.

What’s a fact about the Mexican families?

Everybody has family in the US

How much money do people have to pay to go across the border-smugglers and then crossing the border?

$2000-$3000

What are immigrants pov’s living in America?

People don’t like leaving to America but they have to, to make a living.

What are the dangers of crossing the border?

Desert exhaustion walking through it

Evil smugglers

What’s wrong with families leaving to the U.S.-out of necessity?

-Families divided

Men don’t return home sometimes

Women lose their youth

Kids grow up without dads-no discipline(kids miss dad and are left without a father figure)

How long do people stay in the US before migrating back to Mexico. (They have to make sure it’s long enough to make back the sacrifice crossing)

Some stay years.

What is a work visa?

It allows Mexicans to cross the border easier (go and come back)

What happened after the temporary labor program ended?

That’s when people started migrating