Edward VI key info

When was Edward VI born?

October 1537

When did Edward fall ill?

1552

When did Edward die of tuberculosis or chronic infections of the chest?

1553

Who was Lord Protector from 1547?

Edward Seymour, Earl of Somerset

What other titles did Somerset gain?

Lord High Admiral and Lieutenant-General of the North

What was Somerset known as?

the 'Good Duke'

Why was Somerset known as the 'Good Duke'?

attempts to help the poor

In why year did England face major crisis?

1549

Why was Scotland still a threat?

HVIII has revived conflict to limit threat of war in France being used to weaken England, threat remained especially with weak succession

How much had been spent on war with Scotland?

£2 million

What were the risks of continuing conflict with Scotland?

risk of bankruptcy or French involvment

Which faction dominated government?

reformists

What was the most common religion in England?

Catholicism

Which European power posed a significant threat if reform went ahead?

Charles V

What was the main cause of domestic dissatisfaction?

economic issues such as rising inflation and enclosure

Which class would be most affected by attacks on enclosing?

gentry

Where did radical Protestants arriving in the 1540s come from?

the Netherlands and Germany

What did the relaxation of censorship lead to?

circulation of the workings of Calvin and Luther, anti-Catholic writings

What were the first steps of religious reform?

enquiry into the state of the C of E launched, Six Articles repealed, rules implementing English services and Bibles strengthened

When did Parliament meet?

November 1547

What did the Treason Act achieve?

repealed Six Articles and heresy/treason/censorship laws

What was the Chantries Act?

abolished the Chantries, did away with Catholic practise of praying for the souls of the dead

When was the Act of Uniformity passed?

1549

What did the Act of Uniformity achieve?

impose single standard of worship nationwide, demanded use of English,congregations would be offered bread and wine, but little else changed

Who wrote the new Prayer Book of 1549?

Archbishop Cranmer

What characterised the 1549 Prayer Book?

very vague

What did Henry's will demand regarding relations with Scotland?

marriage of Edward VI and Mary Queen of Scots, not wanted in Scotland

When did Francis I die?

1547

Who succeeded Francis I?

Henry II

How did Henry II assert himself?

renewed Franco-Scottish alliance and sent 4000 warships to Scotland

How did Somerset react to France's involvement in Scotland?

land and naval invasion, 16 000 infantry and 4000 cavalry, 30 warships, 50 supply ships (2000 infantry and 500 cavalry in West)

Where did Scotland face defeat?

Battle of Pinkie

Why was Mary Queen of Scots moved to France?

French troops continued arriving in Scotland and Scottish nobles united against English threat

What was the outcome of Somerset's foreign policy?

cost £600 000, cemented links between France and Scotland

When and why did Somerset withdraw troops form Scotland?

concerned about domestic unrest in England and threat of possible French invasion

When were taxes on sheep and cloth raised?

1548-9

Why did investigation of enclosures anger the rich?

landowners feared enclosure would be reversed and they would lose money

Why did investigation of enclosures anger the poor?

had high hopes government would help them, but government relied on support of landowners so help was limited

What caused economic unrest?

high inflation, especially on necessities such as bread/cheese/meat, low wage rises, unreliable harvests

When was the Western Rebellion?

1549

What were the concerns regarding the dissolution of the monasteries?

gentry families were gaining from the Reformation

Why was William Body killed in Cornwall?

killed by mob who resented attempts to remove Catholic statues and images from local Church

What happened to enclosures in the Rebellion?

hedges and fences torn down

When did the isolated riots become a full scale rebellion?

1549 in response to implementation of new Prayer Book

Where did rebels gather?

Crediton

What did the rebels do?

advanced past Exeter, made no attempt to march on London but brought south-west to a standstill and awaited government response

How did Somerset respond to the Western Rebellion?

underestimated seriousness, needed troops in North to defend against Scotland and at coast against France

When was Kett's Rebellion?

1549

Where was Kett's Rebellion?

Norfolk

What provoked Kett's Rebellion?

widespread economic and social problems from poor harvests and inflation, and belief government ministers were profiteering from absence of a strong monarch

What did their demands include?

dismissal of inadequate clergy etc., suggested rebels were Protestants and reformers

What emerged in May and June 1549?

gangs breaking enclosures

Who was Robert Kett?

landowner whose property was attacked, agreed to end enclosure on his estates and offered to lead rebels to secure their rights

Where did the rebels set up camp?

Mousehold Heath best Norwich, ran peaceful campaign to end enclosures, improve local government and secure better quality clergymen

How many men did Kett boast he could call on if attacked?

15 000

How did Western Rebellion end?

finally beaten by royal army in mid-August

How did Kett's Rebellion end?

Earl of Warwick best rebels at the end of the month in confrontation resulting in 4 000 combined deaths

What was the criticism of Somerset's response to the rebellions?

slow and ineffectual

What were the outcomes of the Western and Kett's Rebellions?

nether forced change in policy, but shook government and gave Somerset's opponents an opportunity to strike

When was Somerset arrested?

October 1549, on orders of the Council

When was Somerset released?

February 1550, allowed to rejoin Privy Council

Why was Somerset rearrested?

rumours circulated that he was gathering support to take back power

What was Somerset charged with?

treason, plotting to assassinate some of his rivals in the council

When was Somerset executed?

January 1552

Why did the Earl of Warwick benefit most from Somerset's fall?

had led the troops that defeated Kett's Rebellion, had supporters in government

When did Northumberland/Warwick take charge?

February 1550

What titles did Warwick gain?

Duke of Northumberland, Lord President of the Council

Which faction was most influential?

Protestant reformers

Why did Protestantism become more radical?

reformers flooded into England, including Calvinists and those demanding more equal distribution of wealth

When did Northumberland assemble Parliament?

January 1552

What was the Treason Act?

became an offence to question Riyal Supremacy of beliefs of the English Church

What was the Second Act of Uniformity?

became an offence for both clergy and laity not to attend C of E services, offenders fined or imprisoned

What was the 1552 Prayer Book?

removed traces of Catholicism and the mass. Eucharist now commemorative ceremony

What were the 1553 instructions to bishops?

told them to ensure altars were replaced by communion tables and clergy shouldn't wear vestments when taking services

What was the attack on Church wealth?

partly motivated by government needs, commissioners began removal of gold and silver from parish churches

What were the 1553 42 Articles?

listed C of E doctrines, influenced by Calvin and Luther. Doctrines were Protestant but church hierarchy of government remained same as Catholic

What contributed to the spread of Protestantism among the elite?

influence of humanism

What was published reflecting Calvinist views in music and church services?

metrical psalms

What did Latimer exemplify?

'Commonwealth man', denouncing greedy landlords and seeking increased social equity

What was Northumberland's attitude to Scotland?

willing to sacrifice it to focus on internal affairs in England

What were Northumberland's views of France and Spain?

thought relationship with France could protect against hard-like Catholic Charles V

When was the Treaty of Boulogne signed?

1550

What was the Treaty of Boulogne?

represented English defeat, Boulogne given up to France

What followed the Treaty of Boulogne in Scotland?

English garrisons removed, border restored to that before HVIII's Scottish campaigns

What was the marriage alliance agreed with France?

future planned marriage of Edward and Henry II's daughter Elizabeth

Who was Secretary of State?

William Cecil

Who was in charge of the Treasury?

Thomas Gresham

How were Crown finances increased and loans from Europe paid off?

sale of chantry lands and Crown lands, increased Customs and Excise rates

How was inflation combatted?

inflation had been caused by debasement of the coinage, currency recalled and reissued with same silver content as in 1527

What were the harvests like in 1550s?

poor, barely sufficient for growing population

What was happening regarding the cloth trade with the Netherlands?

sudden drop in exports in summer 1551 due to problem with trade at Antwerp, unemployment in East Anglia and west of England

When was the Sheep Tax (1548) repealed?

1550

When was the new Treason Act passes?

1550, reimposed censorship restoring law and order

How was enclosure addressed?

anti-enclosure legislation enforced and unpopular enclosure commission closed, Acts passed to protect arable farming

When was the new poor law passed?

1552

What was the new poor law?

made parishes responsible for raising money to look after the deserving poor

How did international trade expand under Northumberland's encouragement?

1553 English ships were trading as far as the Gold Coast in W Africa, ships not good enough to survive Cape of Good Hope to get to East but search for north-east passage renewed

When was Sebastian Cabot's company set up?

1552, supported by members of the Privy Council and city merchants

What happened to Sir Hugh Willoughby?

1553, set out to find north-east passage, he and two ships perished but second in command Richard Chancellor succeeded in reaching port of Archangel and established trade links with Ivan IV, Tsar of Muscovy

What was the Muscovy Company?

founded to encourage trade between two countries