Genetics Unit 1

What is Genetics?

study of heredity

Explain the study of heredity

how inherited characteristics are

1.) Encoded, replicated, expressed

2.) How it evolves over time

What does the study of Genetics influence the research of?

Development, Maladies, Agriculture, Biotechnology

How does Genetics study Development

How does Genetics study Maladies?

What are maladies?

How does Genetics change agriculture?

What is the Green Revolution?

Why is wheat a key example of how Genetics can modify the world?

How does Genetics change biotechnology?

List some examples of how Genetics influences biotechnology

Unifying Principle

all organisms use genetic systems

Where are genetic systems found in organisms?

• Cell Nucleus: Houses the primary nuclear genome organized into chromosomes in plants, animals, and fungi.

• Mitochondria: Contain their own distinct, small genetic systems used for cellular respiration.

• Chloroplasts: House separate genetic systems in plants and algae for photosynthesis.

• Cytoplasm (Prokaryotes): Floats directly in the cell fluid for bacteria and archaea without a true membrane-bound nucleus

Break down deoxyribonucleic acid

“without” “oxygen” “ribose sugar” “pH less than 7”

“-ose” signifies something is a

sugar

What is a ribose sugar made of?

pH of Acid

less than 7

pH of Base

more than 7

DNA is _____ parallel

anti

Why is it important that DNA is antiparallel?

Break down ribonucleic acid

“with” “ribose” “pH less than 7”

Monomer

Polymer

What are monomers (ex) like nucleotides

Nucleotides

Nucleosides

Why do bases turn into acids

How do bases make a double or single helix

Does the image show DNA or RNA? Why?

DNA, lacks a hydroxyl group

Does this image show DNA or RNA? Why?

RNA, has two hydroxyl groups

How do the two hydroxyl groups on RNA make it differ from DNA

increase its reactivity and make it more unstable, contributing to its single-stranded structure.

3 Lenses of Inheritance

What characteristics are common to all organisms under the unifying principle

encoding, copying, decoding, RNA or DNA, replication, amino acids

Genome

a complete set of genetic instructions for any organism

List the nitrogenous bases

What are the correct pairings of nitrogenous bases? (put number of bonds between them as well)

How do nitrogenous bases differ from RNA to DNA

How does the difference in nitrogenous bases impact the shape and function of RNA compared to DNA

Transmission Genetics

Molecular Genetics

Population Genetics

Give examples of population genetics

Evolution as it pertains to Genetics

What division of genetics is considered “classical” genetics?

Give an example of transmission genetics

Traits

Chromosomes

Gene

Alleles

What 4 biological levels of organization do observations and theories in genetics span over

Common characteristics of model organisms

Genetic Variation

Give examples of model organisms

Why is it important to understand the Kingdom Animalia for model organisms in genetics?

A biologist examines a series of cells and counts 160 cells in interphase, 20 cells in prophase, 6 cells in prometaphase, 2 cells in metaphase, 7 cells in anaphase, and 5 cells in telophase. If the complete cell cycle requires 24 hours, what is the average duration of the M phase in these cells? Of metaphase?

Is the following trait present or active in prokaryotes?

Nucleus

absent

Describe the following trait in prokaryotes (when needed say if it is absent or present)

cell diameter

relatively small (1-10 micrometers)

What type of squares show the possibilities of the zygote?

pumett

Describe anaphase

Describe prophase

Describe interphase

Describe telophase

What is the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

Diploid

Haploid

In Meisosis, what type of parents make gametes with half the amount of genetic material?

diploid

In Meisosis, diploid parents make gamete with half the amount of genetic material called

haploid gametes.

In what process do haploid gametes fuse with each other to create a new diploid individual?

fertilization

What makes Meisosis similar to Mitosis

occurs in reproductive or sex cells/ germ cells

What phase does Meiosis proceed through first?

Interphase

After Meisosis proceeds through Interphase first, it then goes through two successive divisions to reduce the content by 1/2 , this is called

reduction division

What is the importance of reduction division?

It is crucial for maintaining the correct number of chromosomes in gametes, ensuring genetic diversity and stability during sexual reproduction.

Cytokinesis

What occurs during G1

cell grows

What occurs in G0

some cells may enter this phase, it is a non-dividing phase where cells perform their specific functions and can remain metabolically active.

What occurs in the G1/S checkpoint

assesses the cell's readiness for DNA replication by evaluating DNA integrity and ensuring all necessary growth signals and resources are present.

What is the cell committed to after the G1/S checkpoint?

dividing

What occurs in S

DNA duplicates

What occurs in G2

the cell prepares for mitosis by checking DNA replication and repairing any damage before proceeding.

After which checkpoint in the cell cycle can the cell divide

G2/M

What occurs in the G2/M checkpoint

The cell checks for DNA damage and confirms that DNA replication has completed successfully before entering mitosis.

In which phase do mitosis and cytokinesis take place in

M phase

What is the spindle assembly checkpoint of the cell cycle

a control mechanism during mitosis that ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before proceeding with cell division.

The first Meiotic division goes through Prophase I, which is made up of what subdivisions?

Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis

Lepotene

replicated chromosome condense

Zygotene

synapsis begins: chromosomes pair

Pachytene

A bivalent has formed and crossing over has occured

bivalent

four chromatids in close association (tetrad)

Diplotene

synaptonemal complex dissociates and homologous chromosomes begin to separate (chiasmata)

Chiasmata

Diakinesis

end of prophase I

What subphases of prophase I does crossing over occur?

zygotene, pachytene, diplotene

Interkinesis

in some types of cells, the spindle breaks down, chromosomes relax, and nuclear envelop re-forms, but no DNA synthesis takes place

What phase in Meiosis II, only occurs in cells that went through interkinesis?

Prophase II

Prophase II will happen only in cells that went through interkinesis. Other types of cells proceed directly to what phase after cytokinesis?

metaphase II

What are the results of meiosis?

Four genetically diverse haploid gametes produced from the original cell resulting in genetic variation

The result of meiosis is that chromosome number in each new cell is reduced by half, so the new cells are

haploid

The result of meiosis is newly formed cells that are __________ from one another and from the parental cell

genetically different

The ultimate result of meiosis is

genetic variation