PSY465 exam 3

What types of jobs do younger adolescents commonly hold?

Younger adolescents usually hold informal jobs such as babysitting and yard work.

What types of jobs do older adolescents generally have?

Older adolescents typically hold more formal jobs such as retail sales and restaurant work.

What is the relationship between part-time jobs and adolescent responsibility?

Little research supports the view that holding a job makes adolescents more responsible.

How does part-time work affect school outcomes when working less than 20 hours per week?

Working less than 20 hours per week is not found to have a negative effect on school outcomes.

What are the negative effects associated with adolescents working long hours?

Working long hours can interfere with school, leading to increased aggression, school misconduct, and substance use.

What type of jobs are related to greater well-being and self-esteem for adolescents?

Jobs that involve learning new skills and challenging tasks are related to greater well-being and self-esteem.

What percentage of US high school students participate in extracurricular activities?

85% of US high school students participate in at least one extracurricular activity.

What positive effects do extracurricular activities have on adolescents?

Extracurricular activities improve school performance, deter delinquency and drug use, enhance emotional well-being, and increase the likelihood of college enrollment.

How can extracurricular activities serve as a protective factor for adolescents?

Extracurricular activities can reduce negative effects from adversity, such as exposure to domestic violence, and decrease risks of depression and anxiety.

What is the effect of unstructured, unsupervised time with peers on adolescents?

Unstructured, unsupervised time with peers is associated with depression, delinquency, and substance use.

What factors influence the risks associated with unstructured activities?

Risks depend on after-school arrangements and supervision; adolescents who go straight home or have some monitoring are less likely to engage in problem behavior.

What are the 5C’s in positive youth development programs?

The 5C’s are competence, confidence, connection, character, and caring/compassion.

What are the effects of positive youth development programs on adolescents?

They may result in small but significant improvements in academic achievement and emotional well-being.

What is cultivation theory in media influence?

Cultivation theory suggests that exposure to media content affects adolescents' views and behaviors.

What does the uses and gratifications approach imply?

It implies that people actively select the media to which they are exposed.

How may exposure to violent media content affect adolescents?

Exposure may lead to increased aggression towards peers and influence attitudes toward violence.

What are the potential negative effects of social media on adolescents?

Negative effects include cyberbullying and greater vulnerability to social comparison and feedback-seeking.

How does problematic media use manifest in adolescents?

It can manifest as internet addiction, characterized by mood changes, withdrawal, and conflict with other life aspects.

What is self-conception in adolescence?

Self-conception refers to the traits and attributes individuals use to describe themselves.

What is self-esteem and how does it change in adolescence?

Self-esteem is how positively or negatively individuals feel about themselves, and it fluctuates during adolescence.

What impact does lower self-esteem have on adolescents?

Lower self-esteem increases the risk for depression and can create a cycle of loneliness and low self-efficacy.

What is the 'looking glass self'?

The 'looking glass self' refers to how one's self-concept is shaped by perceptions of how others view them.

What role do direct and reflected appraisals play in self-concept?

Direct appraisals are based on personal experiences while reflected appraisals are based on perceived feedback from others.

How do adolescents’ self-concepts become more differentiated?

Adolescents start linking traits to specific situations and differentiate their self-conception from how others view them.

What is identity diffusion?

Identity diffusion occurs when an individual lacks firm commitments and is not currently exploring identity options.

What is identity foreclosure?

Identity foreclosure happens when an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options.

What is the psychosocial moratorium?

The psychosocial moratorium is a period of self-discovery important for identity formation.

What is the developmental task of adolescence according to Erikson?

Identity formation is the main developmental task during adolescence.

What are the characteristics of adolescents who experience identity confusion?

Adolescents in identity confusion have not successfully resolved the identity crisis.

What influences do racial and ethnic identity have on mental health?

A positive racial and ethnic identity is associated with better mental health, higher self-esteem, and academic achievement.

How can discrimination affect the development of racial and ethnic identities?

Discrimination can have negative effects that complicate the development of a positive racial or ethnic identity.

What environmental factors influence racial and ethnic identity development?

Factors include the racial/ethnic composition of contexts, peer groups, and family socialization practices.

How is autonomy defined in adolescence?

Autonomy is the quality of being independent, self-sufficient, and capable of making one’s own decisions.

What is emotional autonomy?

Emotional autonomy refers to establishing less child-like and more adult-like close relationships with family and peers.

What is the parenting style that supports autonomy development?

Authoritative parenting supports autonomy development in adolescents.

How do adolescents make decisions independently in the peer context?

Adolescents become better at making independent decisions that may differ from peer influence as they mature.

What is the significance of susceptibility to peer influence during adolescence?

It's greater in early adolescence, leading to more conformity to peer behavior.

What brain regions are involved in self-reflection tasks among adolescents?

The dorsal mPFC is more activated among adolescents compared to adults.

What changes in cognitive skills affect self-concept development from adolescence to adulthood?

Neurocognitive skills evolve, leading to differences in how adolescents and adults process self-information.

What effect does increased awareness of peer opinions have on self-esteem?

Increased awareness of peers' opinions can lead to fluctuations in self-esteem among adolescents.

How does the social media comparison affect adolescents' mental health?

Using social media for comparison can increase depressive symptoms and anxiety, especially without social support.

What is the impact of excessive screen time on adolescents?

Excessive screen time can interfere with sleep and physical activity.

What is the relationship between self-regulation development and decision-making?

Improved self-regulation and impulse control enhance decision-making skills among adolescents.

What does the term 'psychosocial moratorium' refer to?

A period during which adolescents experiment with different roles and identities for self-discovery.

What does it mean for an adolescent to achieve a strong sense of identity?

The extent to which individuals feel secure about who they are and are becoming

What are the long-term effects of participating in positive youth development programs?

They yield small but significant improvements in emotional well-being and academic achievement.

Why is it important for adolescents to establish autonomy from their parents?

Establishing autonomy indicates emotional and behavioral health, contributing to a healthier parent-adolescent relationship.

What is the cycle of low self-esteem in adolescents?

Low self-esteem can lead to failure to seek social support, resulting in loneliness and further decreased self-esteem.

What is the relationship between academic achievement and participation in extracurricular activities?

Participation in extracurricular activities is associated with improved school performance.

How can unstructured activities during adolescence lead to negative outcomes?

Unsupervised unstructured activities increase risks of delinquency and substance use.

What are the characteristics of adolescents’ self-esteem according to development stages?

Self-esteem often fluctuates during adolescence and is generally lower in early and middle adolescents compared to later stages.

What influences can lead to an increase in adolescent substance use?

Involvement in team sports has been linked to increased rates of substance use.

What factors can protect against negative effects of discrimination?

A strong, positive sense of racial or ethnic identity can provide protection against the negative impacts of discrimination.