MAN Ch3/4

Attitudes

evaluative statements or judgments—either favorable or unfavorable—about objects, people, or events

what are the 3 components of attitude

cognitive

affective

behavioral

cognitive component

opinion or belief about the attitude target thought

affective component

emotional or feeling segment of an attitude reflected in the statement feeling

behavioral component

describes an intention to behave a certain way toward someone or something Action

Cognitive Dissonance

is any incompatibility an individual might perceive between attitudes or 

between behavior and attitudes. (values ethics moral that show up in these cases) 

Do attitudes usually predict behavior?

Yes, but the relationship is strongest when the attitude is important, corresponds to the behavior, is easily accessible, isn't limited by social pressure, and is based on direct experience.

What five factors strengthen the attitude-behavior relationship?

• Importance

• Correspondence

• Accessibility

• Social pressure (less pressure = stronger relationship)

• Direct experience

What is attitude importance?

The more important an attitude is to a person, the more strongly it predicts behavior.

What is correspondence in the attitude-behavior relationship?

Attitudes best predict behaviors that directly match them (specific attitudes predict specific behaviors).

What is attitude accessibility?

Attitudes that are easy to recall because they are frequently expressed are more likely to predict behavior.

How does direct experience affect attitudes?

Attitudes based on personal experience predict behavior better than attitudes formed indirectly.

How do people reduce cognitive dissonance?

• Change their behavior

• Change their attitude

• Rationalize or justify the inconsistency

What three factors influence the amount of cognitive dissonance?

• Importance of the issue

• Degree of influence/control

• Rewards associated with the behavior

What is organizational identification?

The extent to which employees define themselves by the same characteristics as their organization (they see the organization's success as their own).

How does organizational identification develop?

Employees continuously form attitudes based on workplace experiences (e.g., reduced pay, downsizing, canceled bonuses). Positive experiences strengthen identification, while negative experiences weaken it.

What is job satisfaction?

A positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics.

What is psychological empowerment?

Belief in the degree of influence over one’s job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy. (positive thing) 

What are the outcomes of psychological empowerment?

• Strongly predicts positive job attitudes

• Moderately predicts job performance

What is organizational commitment?

The degree to which an employee identifies with the organization, believes in its goals and values, and wants to remain a member.

What are the three types of organizational commitment?

• Affective commitment

• Continuance commitment

• Normative commitment

What is affective commitment?

Emotional attachment to and identification with the organization. Employees stay because they want to.

What is continuance commitment?

Commitment based on the costs of leaving or lack of job alternatives. Employees stay because they need to.

What is normative commitment?

Commitment based on a sense of obligation or duty. Employees stay because they feel they ought to.

Which type of organizational commitment best predicts employee behavior?

Affective commitment.

What is employee engagement?

The degree of enthusiasm an employee feels for their job.

How is employee engagement different from job satisfaction?

Employee engagement goes beyond job satisfaction and commitment—it's a deep passion, devotion, or giving your "heart and soul" to your work.

Why should organizations invest in employee engagement?

Because it improves performance and helps retain employees.

What causes job satisfaction?

job conditions

personality and individual differences

pay

What job conditions increase job satisfaction?

• Interesting work

• Training

• Variety

• Independence

• Control (autonomy)

• Feedback

• Social support

• Positive interactions with coworkers

What are the four outcomes of job satisfaction?

• Job performance

• Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

• Customer satisfaction

• Life satisfaction

How does employee job satisfaction affect organizations?

Organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective.

What is Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)?

Voluntary behaviors that go beyond normal job requirements and help the organization.

How does employee job satisfaction affect customer satisfaction?

Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.

How are job satisfaction and life satisfaction related?

Higher job satisfaction contributes to higher overall life satisfaction because work is an important part of most people's lives.

What is Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB)?

Behaviors that intentionally harm the organization.

How is job dissatisfaction related to CWB?

Dissatisfied employees are more likely to engage in Counterproductive Work Behaviors.

Absenteeism

the more satisfied you are, the less likely you are to miss work

How does job dissatisfaction affect absenteeism?

Dissatisfied employees are generally absent more often, although the relationship is not very strong.

How does job dissatisfaction affect turnover?

Lower job satisfaction is one of the strongest predictors of employee turnover.

What makes job dissatisfaction more likely to result in turnover?

• Many alternative job opportunities

• High job insecurity

• High human capital (high education/ability)

What are emotions?

• Intense

• Short-lived

• Specific

• Usually caused by a particular event

What are moods?

• Less intense than emotions

• Longer lasting

• More general feelings

• Often have no obvious cause

How do emotions and moods influence each other?

• Emotions can affect moods.

• Moods can trigger emotions.

What is Positive Affect (PA)?

A tendency to experience positive emotions such as:

• Excitement

• Enthusiasm

• Elation

What is Negative Affect (NA)?

A tendency to experience negative emotions such as:

• Nervousness

• Stress

• Anxiety

Six essentially universal emotions

1. Anger 

2. Fear 

3. Sadness 

4. Happiness 

5. Disgust 

6. Surprise 

What are moral emotions?

Emotions that have moral implications because they result from an immediate judgment about whether something is right or wrong.

positivity offset

meaning that at zero input most individuals experience a mildly positive mood

What are two important sources of emotions and moods introduced in this section?

• Personality

• Affect intensity

How does personality influence emotions and moods?

Personality creates built-in tendencies for people to experience certain emotions and moods more frequently than others.

What is affect intensity?

The degree or strength with which a person experiences emotions.

How do people with high affect intensity experience emotions?

They experience both positive and negative emotions much more intensely.

• Really happy when happy

• Really sad when sad

According to research, what is the strongest predictor of employee engagement?

A person's tendency to experience positive emotions and positive moods.

How do social interactions influence emotions?

They affect emotions, moods, and relationships with others.

What is emotional spillover?

Emotions from work carry over into family or personal relationships.

Are emotional differences between genders large?

Generally no. Most differences are small or may reflect socialization and stereotypes.

What is emotional labor?

The expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal interactions at work.

Why is emotional labor important?

It is a key component of effective job performance, especially in customer-facing jobs.

felt vs displayed emotions

Your actual emotions.

The emotions an organization expects employees to show.

What is emotional dissonance?

The gap between the emotion you feel and the emotion you must display.

“Identify my own emotions and that of others” 

• is learned 

• Its behavioral not genetic 

What is emotional intelligence (EI)?

The ability to:

1. Perceive emotions in yourself and others.

2. Understand the meaning of those emotions.

3. Regulate your emotions appropriately.

According to the cascading model of EI, what personality traits support each stage?

• Conscientiousness → Perceiving emotions

• Cognitive ability → Understanding emotions

• Emotional stability → Regulating emotions

What is emotion regulation?

The strategies people use to change or manage their emotions.

What are four emotion regulation techniques discussed in this chapter?

• Surface acting

• Deep acting

• Emotional suppression

• Cognitive reappraisal (plus social sharing/venting)

What is cognitive reappraisal?

Reframing the way you think about an emotional situation to regulate emotions more effectively.

When is cognitive reappraisal especially helpful?

When the source of stress cannot be controlled.

What long-term benefits are associated with cognitive reappraisal?

• Greater cognitive flexibility

• Increased creativity

• Better emotional regulation

Which emotion regulation technique leads to less emotional exhaustion and work withdrawal?

Cognitive reappraisal.

Which technique is linked to greater emotional exhaustion and work withdrawal?

emotional suppression.

Why is emotion regulation considered an ethical issue?

Because controlling emotions can be viewed as either:

• Inauthentic or deceptive, or

• Necessary for remaining calm and making good decisions.