Midterms Lab

Functional Groups

A group of atoms in an organic compound that has a characteristic chemical behavior.

Unsaturated Compounds

Compounds containing carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, such as alkenes and alkynes.

Saturated Compounds

Compounds that contain only carbon-carbon single bonds, such as alkanes.

Von Baeyer's Test

A qualitative test that uses potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to oxidize carbon-carbon double bonds of alkenes and triple bonds of alkynes.

Bromine Test

A test for unsaturation where bromine adds to carbon-carbon double bonds of alkenes and alkynes.

Primary Alcohols

Alcohols that have the hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a saturated carbon and can be oxidized into carboxylic acids.

Bordwell-Wellman Test

A test that uses potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in sulfuric acid to oxidize primary and secondary alcohols.

Lucas Test

A test used to distinguish among primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols by converting them into alkyl chlorides.

2,4-DNP Test

A qualitative test for the presence of carbonyl groups in aldehydes and ketones.

Tollen’s Test

A test to distinguish aldehydes from ketones based on the oxidation properties of aldehydes.

Carboxylic Acids

Compounds that contain at least one hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Denaturation

Disruption and unfolding of proteins, causing loss of biological activity.

Biuret Test

A test that indicates the presence of peptide bonds in proteins based on the formation of a violet complex.

Ninhydrin Test

A test for free alpha-amino groups in proteins resulting in a colored complex.

Xanthoproteic Test

A test that indicates the presence of phenyl-containing amino acids in proteins by nitration.

Molisch Test

A general qualitative test for carbohydrates, indicating the presence of glycoproteins.

Iodine Test

A test for polysaccharides that forms a colored complex depending on the coiled structure of polysaccharides.

Reducing Sugars

Carbohydrates that can be oxidized by a weak oxidizing agent in basic conditions.

Picric Test

A test for reducing sugars that results in a mahogany red-colored solution upon reduction.

Barfoed’s Test

A test to distinguish monosaccharides from disaccharides based on reducing properties.

Benedict's Test

A test for reducing sugars that shows a color change from blue to green, yellow, or red, indicating sugar presence.

Fehling's Test

A test for aldehydes, particularly reducing sugars, resulting in a brick-red precipitate when positive.

Biuret Test

Indicates the presence of proteins; a violet color change indicates the presence of peptide bonds.

Tollen’s Test

A test for aldehydes where a silver mirror forms, indicating the presence of an aldehyde.

Milius Test

A qualitative test to identify amines, resulting in color change upon reaction with ninhydrin.

Dragendorff's Test

A test for alkaloids that produces an orange or brown precipitate, confirming their presence.

Salkowski Test

A test for steroids which produces a red color when mixed with sulfuric acid and chloroform.

Pauly's Test

A test for the presence of tyrosine in proteins indicated by a red color after reaction with reagents.

Bromine Test

Shows positive indication of unsaturation in hydrocarbons with immediate color loss upon reaction.

Iron (III) Test

Detects phenols; a red, purple, or blue color appears upon reaction with ferric chloride.

What is the Molisch Test used for?

The Molisch Test is a general qualitative test for carbohydrates, indicating the presence of glycoproteins.

What does the Biuret Test indicate?

The Biuret Test indicates the presence of proteins by showing a violet color change.

What does the Iodine Test detect?

The Iodine Test detects polysaccharides by forming a colored complex.

What does Benedict's Test check for?

Benedict's Test checks for reducing sugars by showing a color change when positive.

What is the purpose of the Barfoed’s Test?

The Barfoed’s Test distinguishes monosaccharides from disaccharides based on their reducing properties.

What does Tollen’s Test identify?

Tollen’s Test identifies aldehydes based on the formation of a silver mirror.

What is the significance of the Xanthoproteic Test?

The Xanthoproteic Test indicates the presence of phenyl-containing amino acids in proteins.

What does the Ninhydrin Test detect?

The Ninhydrin Test detects free alpha-amino groups in proteins, resulting in a colored complex.

What does the Iron (III) Test signify?

The Iron (III) Test signifies the presence of phenols by producing a red, purple, or blue color.

What does the Dragendorff's Test check for?

The Dragendorff's Test checks for alkaloids by producing an orange or brown precipitate.