JMU Bio 103 Final Exam McMullen

sporic meiosis

alternation of generations

protista

kingdom of eukaryotes that are not comprised of animals, plants, or fungus

characteristics of protists

-eukaryotic

-some unicellular, some multi

-motile or non-motile

-aquatic and/or terrestrial

-autotrophic or heterotrophic

no unique synapomorphies

examples of protists

paramecium, euglena, amoeba

Are protists a monophyletic group or paraphyletic group?

paraphyletic, not contained to just one branch of cladogram

reproduction of protists

single celled protists use mitosis (fission) to asexually reproduce, protists thought to be first organism to sexually reproduce

importance of protists

- carbon fixation by marine protists account for over half of carbon fixed

-base of food chain

-led to first follar fungicide

oogamy

having a large nonmotile egg and a small, motile sperm

anisogamy

sexual reproduction by the fusion of dissimilar gametes

isogamy

sexual reproduction by the fusion of similar gametes

Spores will always become what

gametophytes

diploid dominant reproduction

gametes only haploid part, gametic meiosis

haploid dominant reproduction

zygote is only diploid part, zygotic meiosis

similarities between fungus and some animals

- DNA sequence data

-chitin found in fungus walls and in exoskeletons of some insects and crustaceans

-flagella similar to that on animal sperm cells

-glycogen is food storage form

characteristics of fungi

-eukaryotic

-organoheterotrophic

-unicellular and multicellular

-motile and nonmotile

-mainly terrestrial

-saprophytic decomposer, dead organisms

-some are parasites

role of hyphae/mycellium

they are filaments on mushrooms that secrete digestive enzymes then absorb the nutrients extracellularly

monokaryotic

one nucleus

eukaryotic

two nuclei

coenocytic

more than 2 nuclei

heterokaryotic

dikaryotic cells having two different nuclei

homokaryotic

dikaryotic cells having two of the same nucleus

plasmogamy

fusion of hyphae from two different fungi

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

spores

fundamental reproductive cells, both sexual and asexual

characteristics of animalia

- eukaryotic

- multicellular

- organoheterotrophic, ingest food

- motile

- do not have cell walls

most zoologists believe animals came from single celled __________

porotists

what is the colonial hypothesis

ancestors of animals were colonial, flagellated protists that evolved specilaization and dependence upon one another until they became multicellular

choanoflagellates

protists that are the closest living relatives of animals, may have evolved into first sponge

phylum porifera

-multicellular

-marine/ some freshwater

-asymmetrical, no regular growth

-dont have tissues, instead functional units

-intracellular digestion

-filter feeders

the two major sponge cell types

chonaocytes (feeding cells), amoebocytes (form skeletal structures and support)

intracellular digestion

food particles are digested inside of cell

extracellular digestion

digestion that takes place outside of the cell.

germ line

cells that give rise to gametes such as egg and sperm cells

somatic line

all other cells that are not reproductive cells

fungi are diploid or haploid dominant?

diploid

dioecious

having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals

dioecious species:

cnidaria- (most) jellyfish

nematoda- (most) roundworms

mollusca- (some) squid

arthropoda- insects

echinodermata- sea stars

chordata- vertebrates

monoecious

animals that are able to self fertilize and cross fertilize

monoecious species:

porifera- sponges

platyheminthes- flatworms

annelida- (some) earthworms

mollusca- (most) clams

sponge life cycle

-monoecious

-sperm released

-same individual make eggs and retains them

-sperm enters sponge to unite with eggs

external fertilization

-lots of eggs and sperm shed

-fertilization occurs in outside environment

-usually aquatic to keep gametes moist

-lots of zygotes since survivorship is low

-reproductive structures less sophisticated

internal fertilization

-process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body

-fewer zygotes since survivorship higher (embryo protected inside female)

-more sophisticated reproductive structures

direct development

from egg to juvenile with no larval stage; immature is just a small version of the adult

indirect development

-development of a juvenile animal into an adult while passing through intervening larval stages

-undergoes radical transformation to obtain the adult form

complete vs incomplete digestion

complete digestion utilizes mouth and anus, incomplete digestion shares one opening

diploblastic

two tissues: ectoderm (epidermis/nerve cells), endoderm (gastrodermis)

triploblastic

three tissues: ectoderm (epidermis/nerve cells), endoderm (gastrodermis), mesoderm (muscle, circulatory, and skeletal cells)

all animals except sponges have...

-tissues

-symmetric body

-extracellular digestion

-nerves

phylum cnidaria characteristics

-mostly marine, some freshwater

-diploblastic

-have radial symmetry

-incomplete extracellular digestion, food broken down with enzymes outside of cell

-rudimentary muscles, can only move and contract gc muscles

phylum cnidaria examples

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydrozoan

cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body, having a head-like region

coeloms

fluid filled body cavities for digestion

protosomes vs deuterostomes

protosomes- blastopore forms the mouth first

deuterostomes- blastopore forms the anus first

function of cuticle

-prevents water loss

-protect and support

ecdysis

growth by molting of exoskeleton

lophotrochozoa

subgroup of protostomes; characterized by lack of exoskeleton, includes annelida, mollusca, platyhelminthes

ecdysozoa

subgroup of protostomes; characterized by periodic molting of their exoskeleton, includes arthropoda and nematoda

phylum arthropoda characteristics

segmented bodies, allows for flexibility

phylum arthropoda examples

spiders, scorpion, centipedes, crustaceans

phylum nematoda characteristics

unsegmented bodies, free living, usually microscopic, very abundant in soil

phylum nematoda examples

round worms

phylum annelida characteristics

segmented both internally and externally,

complete digestive tract

phylum annelida examples

earth worms

phylum mollusca characteristics

thick epidermal mantle (sometimes a shell), large muscular foot (tentacle in some)

cephalopoda

subgroup of mollusca that includes squid, octopus, nautilus

gastropoda

subgroup of mollusca that includes snails, slugs, nudibranchs

phylum platyhelminthes characteristics

found in water/damp soil, some free living some parasitic (tapeworms), acoelomates, incomplete digestive tract, no respiratory or circulatory organs

bivalvia

subgroup of mollusca that includes clams, mussels, scallop

phylum platyhelminthes examples

flatworms, tapeworms

phylum echnidodermata characteristics

water vascular system, radial symmetry as adults bilateral symmetry as larvae, no respiratory or circulatory organs

phylum echnidodermata examples

sea star, sea urchin, sea lily

phylum chordata characteristics

vertebrates, during development have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post anal tail, amniotic egg in some species (turtles, lizards, snakes)

phylum chordata examples

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

monotreme

subgroup of chordata/mammal that lays eggs, includes echidna and platypus