Chapter 13: Electricity Milady Cosmetology

Electricity

The movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy.

Define: Electric Current

The flow of electricity along a conductor.

Conductor

Any material that conducts electricity. Meaning that electricity will pass threw the material easily.

*Most metal are good conductors

*Copper is a good conductor

Nonconductor

Is a material does not transmit electricity. Meaning does not allow electricity to flow threw it.

*Also referred to as an Insulator

Complete Electric Circuit

The path of negative and positive electric currents moving from the generating source through the conductors and back to the generating source.

How fast does lightning travel?

Lightning can travel up to speeds of 60,000 miles per hour threw the air.

What are the two types of electric currents?

1)Direct Current (DC)

2)Alternating Current (AC)

Direct Current

Is a constant even-flowing current that travels in one direction only and is produced by chemical means.

*Flashlights, cell phones, telephones, cordless hairstyling tools.

Alternating Current

Is a rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction then I the opposite direction, it is produced by mechanical means and changes direction 60 times per seconds.

*Corded hair dryers, Curling irons, Table lamps

Converter

Is an apparatus that changes the direct current to alternating current.

Rectifier

Is an apparatus that changes the alternating current to direct current.

How fast is electricity?

Electricity is very fast: 186,000 miles per second. If you were to travel that fast, you could go around the world eight times in the time it takes you to turn a light on.

Name some differences between direct and alternating current.

Direct Current:

*Constant, even-flowing, Travels in one direction, and produced by chemical means.

Alternating Current:

*Rapid and interrupted flow, Travels in two directions, and produced by mechanical means.

Volt

Is the unit that measures the pressure of force that pushes electric current forward through a conductor.

*Also known as V or Voltage

Ampere

The measurement of the strength of a electric current.

*Also known as Amp

Milliampere

It 1/1,000 of a ampere. This is used towards facial and scalp treatments because the ampere is to strong.

*Also known as mA

Omh

The measurement of the resistance of an electric current.

*Also known as O

Watt

The measurement of how much electricity is being used that second.

Kilowatt

Is 1,000 watts. In your house it is measured how many kilowatts per hour(kwh).

*Also known as K

Fuse

Prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit.

Circuit Breaker

A switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electrical current at the first indication of an overload.

Grounding

Completes an electrical circuit and carries the current safely away.

What company tests all the electrical appliances?

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certifies the safety of electrical appliances. This certifies that they are safe when used according to manufactures direction.

What is it called when electricity is use for skin treatments?

Electrotherapy is when electric currents are used to treat the skin.

Modalities

Currents used in facials and scalp treats. Each modality has a different effect on the skin.

*The main ones used are galvanic current, microcurrent, and the Tesla high-frequency current.

Electrode

Is an applicator for directing electric current from an electrotherapy device to the clients skin.

*Also known as a probe

Polarity

Is the positive and the negative pole of an electric current.

*Positive: Anode: Usually red and marked P or +

*Negative: Cathode: Usually black and marked N or -

Galvanic Current

Is a constant and direct current, having a positive and negative pole, that produces chemical changed when it passes through the tissues and the fluids of the body.

*Named after Luigi Galvani

What are positives and Negatives of the Galvanic Current?

Positive Pole Cataphoresis(Anode): Produces acidic reactions, closes the pores, soothes nerves, decreases blood supply, contracts blood vessels and hardens and firms tissue.

Negative Pole Anaphoresis(Cathode): Produces alkaline reaction, Open pores, stimulates and irritates nerves, increases blood supply, expands blood vessels, and softens tissues.

What are the two types of electrodes and describe them?

Active electrodes and Inactive electrodes:

Active electrodes are the electrodes used on the area to be treated.

Inactive electrodes is the opposite pole from the active electrode.

Iontophoresis

Is the process of infusing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current, such as the use of positive and negative poles of the galvanic machine.

Cataphoresis

Infuses an acidic(positive) product into the deeper tissues using the galvanic current from the positive pull towards the negative pole.

Anaphoresis

Infuses an alkaline(negative) product into the tissue from the negative pole to the positive pole.

Denincrustation

Is a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften the sick and emulsify grease deposits(oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.

Microcurrent

Is an extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the bodies natural electrical impulse.

What is the Tesla high-frequency current?

Is a thermal or a heat producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration that is commonly use for scalp and facial treatments.

*Also known as Violet Rays

*Benefits are: Stimulates blood circulation, increase elimination and absorption, increases skin metabolism, improves germicidal action and relives skin congestion.

*Named after Nikola Tesla

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Is the name given for all forms of energy(or radiation) that exists.

*Forms: radio waves, microwaves, light waves, x-rays, and gamma rays.

*Also known as Electromagnetic Spectrum of Radiation

Wavelength

The distance between successive peaks of electromagnetic waves

*Long wave lengths have low frequency, meaning the number of waves is less frequent with in the waveform pattern.

*Short wave lengths have high frequency, meaning the number of waves is more frequent with the waveform pattern.

Waveform

The measurement of the distance between two wavelengths.

Visible Spectrum of Light

Is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen.

*Visible light makes up 35% of natural sunlight.

*Violet has the shortest wavelength and Red has the longest wavelength.

*Invisible light makes up 60% of natural light.

*Invisible ultraviolet makes up 5% of natural light

Invisible Light

Is the light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye.

Ultraviolet Light

Is a invisible light that has short wavelengths(giving higher energy), is less penetrating that visible light, causes chemical reaction to happen more quickly than visible light, produces less heat then visible light and kills some germs.

*Three types: Ultraviolet A(UVA) penetrates directly into the dermis, damaging collagen and elastin, Ultraviolet B(UVB) Burning rays(Sunburns), and Ultraviolet C(UVC) is blocked out by the ozone layer.

*Also known as cold light, UV and actinic light

Catalyst

Are substances that speed up chemical reactions, some use heat as an energy source while others use light.

Light Therapy

Is and application of light rays to the skin for the treatment of wrinkles, capillaries, pigmentation, or hair removal.

*Also known as Phototherapy.

What does Laser stand for.

Laser stands for Light Amplification Stimulation Emission of Radiation.

*All lasers work by photothermolysis, a process that turns the light from the laser into heat.

Light-Emitting Diode

Is a medical device used to reduce acne, increase skin circulation and improve collage of the skin.

*Also know as LED

Intense Pulse Light

A medical device that uses multiple colors and wavelengths(broad spectrum) of focused light to treat spider veins, hyperpigmentation, rosacea and redness, wrinkles and ex.