A+P Exam 1

anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

physiology

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

gross

Structures examined without a microscope

regional

Studied area by area

systematic

Studied system by system

surface

External form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging

cytology

Cellular anatomy

histology

Study of tissues

X-ray

Electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates radiograph

ultrasound

Sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver; visualized as a sonogram

Computed Tomography (CT)

Computer analyzed x-ray images

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

3-D radiographic image of an organ

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Radio waves directed to patient while under electromagnetic field; radio waves collected and analyzed by computer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radioactively labeled glucose usage by a tissue is detected; provides info on metabolic state

cell physiology

Examines processes of cells

systematic physiology

Functions of organ systems

neurophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system

cardiovascular physiology

The heart and blood vessels

pathology

Structural and functional changes caused by disease

exercise physiology

Changes in structure and functional caused by exercise

chemical level

Interaction of atoms

cell level

Structural and functional unit of living organisms

tissue level

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Organ level

One or more tissues functioning together

Organ system level

Group of organs functioning together

Organism level

Any living thing

brain, spinal cord, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, kidney, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder

Major organs of the body

integumentary system

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps provide vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Hair, skin, nails, sweat glands

What are the parts of the integumentary system?

skeletal system

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, humerus, vertebral column, radius, pelvis, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

muscular system

Provides body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

temporalis, pectoral major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, sartorius, quadriceps femoris

What are the parts of the muscular system?

lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

tonsils, cervical lymph node, thymus, axillary lymph node, mammary plexus, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessel, spleen, inguinal lymph node

What are the parts of the lymphatic system?

Respiratory system

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of lungs and respiratory passages

nasal cavity, nose, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

digestive system

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

pharynx (throat), oral cavity (mouth), salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, larger intestine, appendix, rectum, anus

What are the parts of the digestive system?

nervous system

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

brain, spinal cord, nerves, cauda equine

What are the parts of the nervous system?

endocrine system

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones

hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid (posterior part of thyroid), thymus, adrenals, pancreas (islets), ovaries (females), testes (males)

What are parts of the endocrine system?

cardiovascular system

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

carotid artery, superior vena cava, jugular vein, pulmonary trunk, heart, brachial artery, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, femoral artery and vein

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

What are the parts of the urinary system?

female reproductive system

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.

male reproductive system

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

seminal vesicle, ductus deferens, prostate gland, testis, epididymis, penis

What are the parts of the male reproductive system?

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development differentiation, morphogenesis

What are the characteristics of life?

organization

Condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

metabolism

All chemical reactions of the body

responsiveness

Ability to sense changes and adjust

growth

Increases in size and/or number of cells

development

Changes in an organism over time

differentiation

Change from general to specific

morphogenesis

Change in shape of tissues, organs

reproduction

New cells or new organisms

homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body

set point

The ideal normal value of a variable

negative feedback

Regulates most systems in the body, counteracts a change in a variable (e.g. body temperature), components: receptor, control center, effector, and stimulus

receptor

Monitors the value of some variable

control center

Establishes the set point

effector

Can change the value of the variable

stimulus

Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor

positive feedback

When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation occur

matter

Anything that occupies space and takes up mass

mass

The amount of matter in an object; international SI unit = kg

weight

The gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

element

The simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties; composed of atoms of only one kind

atom

Smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element; composed of subatomic particles

neutrons

No electrical charge

protons

One positive charge

electrons

One negative charge

nucleus

Formed by protons and neutrons

atomic number

Equal to the number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons

mass number

number of protons plus number of neutrons

chemical bonds

Are formed when electrons in the outermost energy level (valence shell) are either shared with or transferred to another atom

ionic bonding

Atoms exchange electrons

covalent bonding

Two or more atoms share electron pairs

electronegativity

Ability to attract electrons

ions

Atoms that have gained or lost an electron

cations

Positively charged ions

anions

Negatively charged ions

ionic bond

Electrons are transferred between atoms, creating oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other

covalent bonds

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons because the atoms have similar electronegativities

single covalent

Two atoms share one pair of electrons

double covalent

Two atoms share four electrons

nonpolar covalent

Electrons shared equally because nuclei attract the electrons equally

polar covalent

Electrons not shared equally because one nucleus attracts the electrons more than the other does

molecules

Two or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit

compounds

A substance composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined

solubility

Ability of one substance to dissolve in another

dissociation (separation)

In ionic compounds, cations are attracted to negative end and anions attracted to positive end of water molecules; the ions separate and each becomes surrounded by water molecules

electrolytes

Solutions made by the dissociation of cations and anions in water; have the capacity to conduct an electric current; currents can be detected by electrodes

nonelectrolytes

Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity

chemical reaction

Atoms, ions, molecules or compounds interact to form or break chemical bonds

reactants

Substances that enter into a chemical reaction

products

Substances that result from the reaction