ANSC 240 Exam 2

what is the role of testicles?

produce sperm and hormones

what is the role of the epididymis?

attached to testicles, sperm mature and are stored

what is the role of the vas deferens?

transport sperm from epididymis to urethra

what is the role of the accessory sex glands in males?

contribute to fluids in semen, activate sperm to become motile

what is the role of the penis?

delivers sperm to vagina

what is the primary organ in female reproductive anatomy?

ovary

what cells does the ovary produce?

egg/ovum

what is oogenesis?

the process of producing eggs/ovum

what hormones does the ovary produce?

estrogen and progesterone

what are the several thousand tiny structures in the ovary?

primary follicles

what are primary follicles made of?

germ cell surrounded by a layer of cells

what do primary follicles have the potential for?

developing into an egg

what happens to an undeveloped primary follicle?

dies and is absorbed by the ovary, replaced by a new one

what is the role of the vagina?

canal that receives semen during mating

what is the role of the cervix?

connection of vagina to uterus

what is the role of the uterus?

where fertilized egg implants and develops

what is the long portion of the uterus?

uterine horns

what is the role of the oviducts/fallopian tubes?

where fertilization happens, transports egg to the uterus

what phases make up the follicular phase of the estrus cycle?

proestrus and estrus

what phases make up the luteal phase of the estrus cycle?

metestrus and diestrus

what phase of estrus is when a follicle is starting to grow?

proestrus

what phase of estrus is ovulation?

estrus

what phase of estrus is when the corpeus luteum develops?

metestrus

what phase of estrus is when an oocyte is implanted?

diestrus

what happens during proestrus?

Estrogen and FSH increase

Preparing for estrus

what happens during estrus?

Estrogen, FSH, and LH peak causing follicle to rupture

Oocyte(egg) matures and is released from follicle

what happens during metestrus?

Estrogen, LH, and FSH decrease

CL develops from ruptured follicle

Progesterone increases

Prepares uterus for potential pregnancy

what happens during diestrus if egg is fertilized?

Progesterone continues to increase

Recognition of pregnancy in the body

what happens in diestrus if egg is not fertilized?

Prostaglandin increases and will act on CL to decrease progesterone

CL stops producing progesterone

Return to estrus phase!!!!!!!!!!

what phase of estrus is always the longest?

diestrus

how long is an estrus cycle for all mammalian species?

2-3 weeks

how long is an estrus cycle for a chicken?

a day

what factors can impact estrus cycle?

Climate

Temperature

Photoperiod (light)

Nutrition

what is the purpose of estrus synchronization?

Breeding groups

Offspring arrival is planned

Less work determining estrus

what species cannot be synced and why?

pigs because they naturally produce too much progesterone

what species are most commonly estruc synced?

cattle, goats, and sheep

what is the more invasive method of estrus synchronization?

using exogenous hormones

what is the less invasive method of estrus synchronization?

vasectomized, “teaser”, male

how are exogenous hormones used for estrus synchronization?

First, Progesterone vaginal insert(CIDR)

Then, prostaglandin injection

Sometimes, GnRH hormone

what does CIDR stand for?

controlled internal drug release

how are vasectomized males used for estrus synchronization?

Give off pheromones

Naturally puts into heat

Allows for synchronization and heat detection

If she allows him to mount, she is in heat

Start around a month before desired breeding time

how is IVF done?

Over ovulate donor female(exceptional genetics)

Inseminate donor

Remove fertilized eggs

Place into surrogate mothers(“recips”)

what advantages are there to IVF?

focus on positive selection traits more rapidly

where is IVF most common?

showing

what are disadvantages to IVF?

expensive and invasive

what species are similarly managed reproductive-wise?

dairy cattle and poultry layers

how are mature beef cows growing?

Not going to grow more than lean tissue, only fat

what is the management goal for beef cows?

Need to maintain them, but support the work they are doing

how is nutrition managed for beef cows and swine?

early gestation < late gestation < lactation

what is different about dairy cow management from beef cows?

Very little “down time”

Gestation and lactation overlap

More consistent feeding

how are mature swine growing?

Growing in lean AND fat

what does housing look like for mature swine?

Confinement allows for very precise feeding

Can get aggressive and cannibalistic

ex. Gestation crates, Group housing

how should feed change with swine age?

Less dense feeds at advanced age

how should poultry layers be fed?

Feed for slow growth, then maintain at constant weight

Lower nutrient dense feeds

what is swine birth called?

farrowing

what is the live weight of piglets?

2-3 pounds

when are piglets weaned?

21 days

how much do piglets weigh at weaning?

~13 pounds

how long is the nursery phase for swine?

42-56 days

how much do swine gain in the nursery phase?

50-60 pounds

how long is the growing and finishing phase for swine?

~130 days

how much is the finishing weight for swine?

260-320 pounds

what is a breeding gilt?

female pig that has not farrowed

when are gilts bred?

170-220 days old

how long is a swine gestation?

~114 days(3 3 3)

how long is the swine heat cycle?

~21 days

what is a sow?

a female pig that has farrowed a litter

what is the litter size for pigs?

12-14 piglets

what is a boar?

intact male pig for breeding

what is a barrow?

castrated male pig

what common management techniques are completed at weaning for piglets?

iron injection

castration

tail docking

ear notching

know the ear notch areas

ok

what are the different swine producing sectors?

farrow to finish

farrow to wean

nursery or feeder

finishers

what are the top 3 pork producing countries?

china

EU

USA

what are the top 5 pork producing states?

iowa

minnesota

north carolina

illinois

indiana

what is the largest component of the ruminant stomach?

rumen

what is the fermentation vat?

rumen

what is the filter of the ruminant stomach?

reticulum

what absorbs water in the ruminant stomach?

omasum

what is the fine strainer of the ruminant stomach?

omasum

what is responsible for acid and enzyme digestion in thw ruminant stomach?

abomasum

what compartment kills the bacteria from the rumen?

abomasum

what species has an identical stomach to humans?

pigs

what species is a hind-gut fermenter?

horses

what is different about horses digestion?

cecum = rumen

what is the purpose of the crop for poultry?

stores food in throat

what is the role of the proventriculus for poultry?

chemical digestion

“True stomach” (acids and enzymes)

what is the role of the gizzard for poultry?

mechanical digestion

Uses ingested grit(dirt) and muscles to break up feed

why are grit and minerals important for poultry?

egg shell

what are the key components of feed?

energy(carbs)

proteins

macrominerals

microminerals and vitamins

what are these sources of?

corn, wheat, barley, oil

energy/carbs

what are these sources of?

SBM, canola meal, animal proteins, amino acids

protein

what are the goals for feeding?

Meet animals’ requirements

Limit excess

Promote maximum efficient growth

what is digestible energy?

Energy from feed that the animal can use

what species is digestible energy especially helpful?

poultry and horse

what is dry matter?

Contents of feed after water is removed

I.e. protein, fiber, fat, minerals, etc.

what are forages?

Plants or plant parts separated from grains

Fresh, dry, ensiled (Pasture, hay, silage)

what is metabolizable energy?

Digestible energy - energy loss(urine and gases) = ME

Subtraction equation

what is phase feeding?

adjusting ration as animal develops

why phase feeding?

Requirements change as animals grow and age

Limit excess, optimize efficiency