AP Psychology Unit 9 Vocab

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Frusteration-Aggression Principle

the principle that fusteration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

social script

a commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

passionate love

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction

companionate love

an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

bystander effect

the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

reciprocity norm

expectation that people will help those who have helped them

social-responsibility norm

tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas; a struggle between opposing forces

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

mirror-image perceptions

reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions; grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

attribution theory

Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others

attitude

a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events

peripheral route persuasion

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our attitudes and actions are opposed

conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection

Informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

social facilitation

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

social loafing

The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

group polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion

groupthink

A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives

culture

Set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

norm

Understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors

prejudice

An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

just-world phenomenon

The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

ingroup

People with whom one shares a common identity

outgroup

Those perceived as different from one's ingroup

ingroup bias

The tendency to favor one's own group

scapegoat theory

Prejudice provides an emotional outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races