Studied by 3 people
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
Frusteration-Aggression Principle
the principle that fusteration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression
social script
a commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
passionate love
an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
companionate love
an experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
bystander effect
the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas; a struggle between opposing forces
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict; for example, each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions; grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
attribution theory
Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situations in analyzing the behaviors of others
attitude
a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects, other people, and events
peripheral route persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our attitudes and actions are opposed
conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid rejection
Informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
social facilitation
Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
group polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion
groupthink
A mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
culture
Set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
norm
Understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors
prejudice
An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members
stereotype
A generalized belief about a group of people
discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
just-world phenomenon
The tendency of people to believe the world is just, and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
ingroup
People with whom one shares a common identity
outgroup
Those perceived as different from one's ingroup
ingroup bias
The tendency to favor one's own group
scapegoat theory
Prejudice provides an emotional outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
other-race effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
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Flashcard (39)