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Circulatory System
The system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Capillaries
Small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.
Tunica interna
The innermost layer of a blood vessel, exposed to blood.
Tunica media
The middle layer of a blood vessel, comprised of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
Tunica externa
The outermost layer of a blood vessel, providing support and structure.
Endothelium
A layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels.
Basement Membrane
The thin layer of fibrous material supporting the endothelium in blood vessels.
Vasa Vasorum
Small blood vessels that supply blood to the outer part of larger blood vessels.
Conducting arteries
Large arteries that carry blood under high pressure and have more elastic tissue.
Distributing arteries
Medium-sized arteries that direct blood flow to specific organs.
Resistance arteries
Small arteries that help regulate blood flow and blood pressure.
Arterioles
Small branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
Precapillary sphincters
Muscle cells that regulate blood flow into capillaries.
Aneurysm
A weak point in an artery wall that can bulge or rupture.
Baroreceptors
Sensory structures that monitor blood pressure and send signals to the brainstem.
Chemoreceptors
Sensory structures that monitor blood chemistry and regulate respiration.
Continuous capillaries
Capillaries with uninterrupted endothelial linings, allowing for the passage of small solutes.
Fenestrated capillaries
Capillaries with pores that allow for increased permeability, found in organs needing rapid absorption.
Sinusoids
Discontinuous capillaries with large openings, allowing cells to pass easily, found in the liver and spleen.
Capillary beds
Networks of capillaries that supply blood to tissues.
Venules
Small veins that collect blood from capillaries.
Muscular venules
Larger venules that contain smooth muscle in their walls.
Medium veins
Veins that are larger and have valves to prevent backflow.
Varicose veins
Enlarged veins that result from valve failure allowing blood to pool.
Portal system
A system where blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart.
Vasomotor tone
The level of constriction of blood vessels, influenced by smooth muscle contractility.
Blood flow
The amount of blood that passes through a given area in a certain period of time.
Perfusion
The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time.
Hemodynamics
The study of blood flow and its principles in relation to pressure and resistance.
Blood pressure
The force that blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel.
Systolic pressure
The highest arterial pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic pressure
The lowest arterial pressure during ventricular relaxation.
Pulse pressure
The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
The average arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle.
Arteriosclerosis
The thickening and hardening of arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
The buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls.
Hypotension
Abnormally low blood pressure.
Hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure, typically over 140/90 mm Hg.
Peripheral resistance
The resistance of the arteries to blood flow.
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of blood vessels due to contraction of smooth muscle.
Vasodilation
Widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of smooth muscle.
Capillary exchange
The process of transferring gases, nutrients, and waste between the blood and tissue fluid.
Diffusion
The movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Transcytosis
The process of transport across the cell via endocytosis and exocytosis.
Hydrostatic pressure
The physical force exerted by liquids within the blood vessels.
Colloid osmotic pressure
The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma.
Net filtration pressure
The difference between the hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure within capillaries.
Mechanisms of venous return
The processes facilitating the return of blood to the heart.
Thoracic pump
The mechanism whereby pressure changes in the thoracic cavity facilitate venous return.
Neurogenic shock
Shock resulting from the loss of vasomotor tone.
Septic shock
Shock caused by sepsis leading to extreme vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
Anaphylactic shock
A severe allergic reaction causing widespread vasodilation.
Circulatory shock
A condition in which the cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body's metabolic needs.
Cardiogenic shock
Shock resulting from inadequate cardiac output.
Low venous return (LVR) shock
Shock resulting from low blood returning to the heart.
Hypovolemic shock
Shock due to significant blood or fluid loss.
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