Biology - Exam 1

Correlation

Relationship between two variables

Causation

One variable directly affects the other

Four Macronutrients

1. Carbs

2. proteins

3. lipids

4. nucleic acids

Proteins are made of what monomers?

Amino Acids

What are essential amino acids?

9 Amino acids humans must get from food

What is an enzyme’s role in metabolism?

Lowers activation energy to speed up chemical reactions

Catabolic Reaction

Breaks down molecules

Anabolic Reaction

Builds molecules

Cofactor

Inorganic Helper

Coenzyme

Organic Helper

Example of Malnutrition Intervention

RUTF (Peanut butter project)

What five properties define living organisms?

Growth, reproduction, homeostasis, sense & response to stimuli, and energy use

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

What are the three subatomic particles and their charges?

Proton (+), neutron (0), electron (–)

Why is carbon essential for life?

Forms up to 4 covalent bonds, allowing complex, stable, diverse molecules.

Organic Molecules

Have a carbon backbone + At least one C-H bond

Inorganic Molecules

Don’t have a carbon backbone + At least one C-H bond

Monomer

Single subunit

Polymer

Chain of monomers

What are carbs made of?

Monomers of simple sugars

What are carbs used for?

Energy and cell structures

Proteins are polymers of ____

Amino acids

What makes lipids different from other macromolecules?

Not made of repeating monomers; hydrophobic (don’t like water)

What are nucleic acids made of?

Nucleotides

What are nucleic acids used for?

Storing and transmitting genetic information (DNA/RNA)

What type of bond forms between water molecules?

Hydrogen bond

What makes water a polar molecule?

Unequal electron sharing

3 Important properties of water

1. Cohesion/adhesion

2. Large liquid range

3. Ice less dense than liquid

Why is water a good solvent?

It dissolves polar and ionic substances

What does PH measure?

The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

A solution with high H+ concentration is…?

Acidic

Charge of Protons

Positive

Charge of Neutrons

Neutral

Charge of Electrons

Negative

Covalent Bond

The Sharing of electrons between atoms

Polar Covalent Bond

Unequal sharing of electrons

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Equal sharing of electrons

Macromolecules

Large organic molecules made of monomers

_____ link together to form polymers

Monomers

What forms the border of cells?

Phospholipids

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other surfaces

Catabolic Reactions

Break down larger molecules into smaller ones (Bond breaking, add water)

Anabolic Reactions

Build larger molecules from smaller ones (Bong building, release water)

Enzyme

A protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Substrate

The molecule an enzyme binds to and acts upon

Active Site

The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

By lowering the activation energy required

Competitive Inhibitor

A molecule that competes with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

A molecule that binds elsewhere on the enzyme, preventing substrate binding

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts (carbs, proteins, fats)

Micronutrients

Nutrients required in small amounts (vitamins and minerals)

Minerals

Inorganic elements that act as cofactors to help enzymes

Vitamins

Organic molecules that act as coenzymes to activate enzymes.

Balanced diet

Fruits, veggies, whole grains

Saturated fatty acids

No double bonds

Unsaturated fatty acids

Has double bonds

Why are lipids different from other macromolecules?

They are not made of repeating monomers and are hydrophobic

Examples of simple sugars (monomers)

Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose