DNA structure
double helix
Codes:
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
Nucleo Tides
ATAAGC
Complementary = opposite or other/half
TATTCG
Number of chromosomes in a human/potential other animals (take the final number of individual chromosomes and divide it by 2 to get the number of pairs)
46 total chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes per person.
Somatic
46 total chrom
Gamete (sex cells)
23 total chrom (half)
Determination of child's sex
It is determined by the father because of X Y chromosomes
Genotype vs. phenotype
genotype is the collection of alleles
phenotype is the physical expression of the alleles
Heterozygous vs. homozygous
Homozygous dominant - RR
Homozygous recessive - rr
Heterozygous mix of dom/rec - Rr
Sex-linked characteristics (X-linked)
The majority of infected are men (x-linked traits). On the x chromosomes, the X chromosome is affected by illness or disease.
X^B X^b = Female (carrier) X^B y = Male (not affected)
Women are typically carriers
Punnett squares
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
3 different types:
Complete: 1 dom, 1 recessive
Incomplete: 1 dom that is not so dominant, 3rd phenotype Ex: (white + Red = Pink)
Codominant: 2 dominant traits, 3rd phenotype
Blood types are determined byGene expression: complete, incomplete, or codominance
4 different types, genotypes of the blood
A: I^A I^A or I^A i
B: I^B I^B or I^B i
AB: I^A I^B
o: i i
On the final it will look like AO or AA for punnet squares!
Use a pedigree to determine genotype and phenotype of offspring
x -- linked chromosomes and autosomal
Organization from individual to biosphere
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Movement of energy food chains and food webs
Sun - producer- primary - secondary - tertiary
Trophic levels
Trophic levels:
Primary producers (plants)(autotroph) -- Primary consumers (herbivores)(heterotroph) --Secondary consumers -- tertiary consumers -- detritivores (decomposers)
Ecological Pyramids
models that show how energy flows through ecosystems
Ex: Top Carnivores, Carnivores, Herbivores,
Producers
Biogeochemical cycles H20, C, N, P
Water cycle (need to know) Nitrogen cycle (need to know)
Population Growth
the increase in the number of individuals in a population
Logistics growth
Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
Exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Carrying capacity and limiting factors
Carrying capacity : average population in a particular area
Limiting factors: Anything that stops population growth or slows it down
What is necessary for Evolution to occur
genetic variation
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Process that creates variation
Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation.
Different types of isolation
Geographical, temporal, behavioral
Evidence for evolution
fossils
Phylogenetic trees
Branching diagrams that depict hypotheses about evolutionary relationships.
Analogous vs Homologous structures
Homologous structures share a common ancestry, but not necessarily a common function.
Analogous structures share a common function, but do not share a common ancestry.
Embryology
similarities in embryos explained by all descending from common ancestor
Mutualism
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
Commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Parasitism Competition
occurs when an organism lives in of its host for an extended period of time or for its entire life cycle
Predator/prey relationships
mechanism of population control in which a population is regulated by predation