PCB 3702 EXAM 2 QUIZ 2 UNIT , PCB 3702 EXAM 2 Intermediate Human Physiology FIU

In both central and peripheral nervous tissues, you will be able to find two kinds of cells ?

neurons and glia (supporting neurons)

In the spinal cord,

1.ascending tracts carry ___ information &

2. descending tracts carry ____ information

1. sensory

2. motor

the cerebrum has raised folds called gyri, and depressed grooves called sulci.

TRUE

A "WORD SALAD" speaking pattern occurs when

wernicke's area is damaged

aphasias are most often associated with damage to _____ and ___ areas

1. motor speech

2. wernicke's

the spinal cord belongs to the

central nervous system

The cerebellum forms from the

hindbrain

A tumor located in the primary somatosensory area would impact which of the following functions.

the ability to feel rough object.

(the motor control for swallowing is located primary in the motor cortex, ability to smell is found in the olfactory are of frontal lobe and the ability to determine images is located in the primary visual cortes of he occipital lobe)

the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS ?

glutamate

damage to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum would have the greatest impact on

hearing

In a typical somatic reflex arc, sensory signal passes along____ which in turn makes a synapse with____

1. sensory neuron

2. interneuron

all of the somatic reflexes must go through the brain

False

In a somatic reflex, the effector is _____ which carry out ______ activities here.

1. skeletal muscle

2. involuntary

somatic motor neurons can be directly stimulated by sensory neurons

TRUE

In one heart beat, the heart generates_____. this is also called a _____

1. one contraction and one relaxation

2. cardiac cycle

cardiac output is determined by

heart rate and stroke volume

in pulmonary circulation, the blood is pumped out of heart from____ and comes back to heart in ____

1. right ventricle

2. left atrium

Arteries usually carry oxygen-rich blood toward the heart.

FALSE

transportation functions of the circulatory system include

carry leukocytes

carrying metabolic waste

carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

carrying absorbed products of digestion

In comparing the pulmonary and systemic circulations, the pulmonary circuit____

sends blood to the lungs, is involved with oxygenateing blood, and involves much lower overall resistance to flow

spirogram and definition.

TIDAL VOLUME

amount of air expired or inspired in quite breathing

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume

RESIDUAL VOLUME

amount of air left in lungs after maximum expiration

VITAL CAPACITY

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY

amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY

amount of gas left in lungs after a normal expiration

the ventral cavities in a human body include___ cavities

1. thoracic

2. abdominal

3. pelvic

gas exchange happens in the

alveoli

what is the most abundant gas in the air that we breathe

nitrogen

the vital capacity if equal to the

maximum amount of air that can be moved in and the maximum amount that be moved out during a single breath.

during inspiration, there is an increase in the_____ pressure.

intraabdominal

Plasma membrane of a human body cell

-allows everything to cross

-is entirely made up of phospholipid molecules

-allows some molecules to cross but not the others

-is always permeable to sodium

allows some molecules to cross but not others

Microfilaments are composed of protein called

-tubulin

-actin

-microvilli

-filament

actin

How is the strength of a stimulus encoded by neurons?

-By the size of action potentials

-By the frequency of action potentials

-By the duration of action potentials

-By whether the action potential peak is positive or negative

By the frequency of action potentials

Which of the following are the most likely symptoms of damage to a spinal nerve at the cervical (neck) level of the spine? (Hint: Spinal nerves are composed of axons of what neurons? Are they composed of only one type of neuron, or a mixture of different types?)

-loss of both sensation and movement in the neck

-loss of motor input from the neck

-loss of only movement in the neck

-loss of only sensation in the neck

loss of both sensation and movement in the neck

Cerebral left and right hemispheres carry out exactly the same functions, just for different side of the body.

True or False

FALSE

The auditory center is located in the

-pre-central gyrus

-temporal lobe

-insula

-occipital lobe

temporal lobe

The white matter in the spinal cord is composed of ascending tracts, and the gray matter is composed of descending tracts.

True or False

FALSE

A raised area on the cerebral cortex is a ________.

-sulcus

-mirror neuron

-gyrus

-fissure

gyrus

The complete list of lobes of the cerebrum (5)

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Temporal

4. Insula

5. Occipital

The forebrain develops into the telencephalon and the diencephalon.

True or False

True

The midbrain forms from the ________.

-mesencephalon

-telencephalon

-diencephalon

-myelencephalon

-mesencephalon

A patient has been experiencing difficulty with homeostatic regulation. An MRI scan reveals a brain tumor. Which brain region is the tumor likely in?

The hypothalamus

There are only two types of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine for excitation and norepinephrine, for inhibition.

True or False

FALSE

There are more than 100 substances known or suspected to be neurotransmitters

Place the following steps in the correct order for a reflex arc:

1. Sensory neurons pass signals to interneurons.

2. Nerve signals travel along motor fibers to an effector.

3. Sensory receptors generate nerve signals.

4. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons.

5. There is a response to the stimulus.

3. Sensory receptors generate nerve signals.

1. Sensory neurons pass signals to interneurons.

4. Interneurons synapse with motor neurons.

2. Nerve signals travel along motor fibers to an effector.

5. There is a response to the stimulus.

If the dorsal root of a spinal nerve were to be cut, the individual would ________?

Both have no sensory perception from that nerve and have no reflexes involving that nerve.

The major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Wernicke's area is associated with?

the ability to speak

*the understanding of spoken and written language

The autonomic motor system has _________ neurons in the PNS, and they synapse in _________________

Two

Autonomic ganglion

In an autonomic reflex, the effectors are (3)?

1. Smooth muscles

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Glands

The 2 types of motor neurons in the PNS?

1. Somatic motor

2. autonomic motor

Somatic reflexes are __________ and ____________ responses that occur when neuronal signals pass through a somatic reflex arc.

Fast

Involuntary

When norepinephrine is released as the neurotransmitter, the synapses are called ___________.

-GABAergic

-adrenergic

-dopaminergic

-cholinergic

adrenergic

2 types of ACh receptors?

1. metabolic muscarinic

2. iontropic nicotinic

If you were to submerge your hand in a bucket of ice water, after only a few seconds your instinct would be to remove your hand from the cold environment. You perceive the desire to remove your hand from the water because?

-sensory neurons communicate to your brain that the motor neurons in your arm are shutting down due to the cold

-sensory neurons synapse with interneurons in the spinal cord to reflex and pull your arm out of the cold water

-motor neurons in your arm are receiving stimulation from both the brain and the spinal cord to pull your arm out of the water

-sensory neurons communicate with your brain that the cold is undesirable and removing your hand will solve the problem

sensory neurons communicate with your brain that the cold is undesirable and removing your hand will solve the problem

Reflex arcs?

-may have a single synapse

-do not utilize somatic motor nerves

-require the actions of the brain

-generally rely on the actions of the hypothalamus

may have a single synapse

What type of neurons are found in the precentral gyrus?

-sensory neurons

-lower motor neurons

-upper motor neurons

-middle motor neurons

upper motor neurons

After an accident, a patient has difficulty moving the limbs on his right side. Damage was most likely sustained by the ________.

-right cerebral cortex

-left cerebral cortex

-cerebellum

-left globus pallidus

left cerebral cortex

In order to slow an increased heart rate, which of the following is most likely to occur?

-increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity

-increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity

-decreased parasympathetic activity only

-decreased sympathetic nervous system activity only

increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity

There are

____#___ pairs of cranial nerves and

____#___ pairs of spinal nerves.

12

31

What is the first structure of a reflex arc?

-sensory neuron

-motor neuron

-receptor

-effector (muscle or gland)

receptor

The right side of the brain controls motor activity on the left side of the body because nerve tracts decussate in the ________.

-pons

-midbrain

-thalamus

-medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

Most corticospinal tracts decussate in the ________.

-midbrain

-spinal cord

-basal nuclei

-medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

There are:

___#___ phases in each cardiac cycle,

with ____#___ of them belonging to the systole and

____#____ of them belonging to the diastole.

5

2

3

The left and right chambers in the heart are separated by a________.

-tendon

-muscle

-bone

-fiber

muscle

Cardiovascular system is composed of (2)?

1. heart

2. blood vessels

The functions of the Circulatory System include

-Protecting human body by clotting and immunity

-Transportation of hormones

-Transportation of waste

-All the above

All the above

What causes the semilunar valves to close?

-Higher pressure in the ventricles than aorta and pulmonary trunk

-Higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk than in the ventricles

-Higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles

-Higher pressure in the ventricles than in the atria

Higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk than in the ventricles

Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the end of diastole/beginning of systole.

True or False

True

Norepinephrine is released from ________ neurons, causing heart rate to ________.

sympathetic

increase

What structures keep the AV valves from everting under high ventricular pressure?

-Semilunar valves

-Interventricular and interatrial septa

-Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

-Annuli fibrosis

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

The cardiac control center of the ________ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

-pons

-midbrain

-cerebrum

-medulla oblongata

medulla oblongata

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular pressure is ________?

-increasing

-decreasing

-unchanged

increasing

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the ________.

-cardiac output

-blood pressure

-stroke volume

-end diastolic volume

stroke volume

The ________ of the heart are involved with ________.

-left side; circulating blood high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen

-lower chambers; moving blood into major arteries

-upper chambers; receiving deoxygenated blood

-atria; ejecting blood from the heart

lower chambers; moving blood into major arteries

Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

-end diastolic volume (EDV)

-cardiac contractility

-total peripheral resistance

-emotional stress

emotional stress

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the ________.

-stroke volume

-blood pressure

-cardiac output

-end diastolic volume

stroke volume

Which structure does not belong to conducting zone?

-respiratory bronchioles

-terminal bronchioles

-trachea

-pharynx

respiratory bronchioles

When diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity is _________, and the intrapulmonary pressure ________.

-enlarged, increases

-squeezed, decreases

-squeezed, increases

-enlarged, decreases

enlarged, decreases

The parietal pleura is closely associated with _____, whereas the visceral pleural covers the ________.

-lungs, trachea

-trachea, lungs

-lungs, thoracic wall

-thoracic wall, lungs

thoracic wall, lungs

Type _____ alveolar cells makes up the most of the surface area of the alveoli.

I

II

III

IV

I

Air can be breathed in, because the intrapulmonary pressure is ____ the atmospheric pressure.

-has nothing to do with

-higher than

-the same as

-lower than

lower than

Type II alveolar cells secrete ________, which prevents alveolar collapse.

-hormones

-surfactant

-oxygen

-mucus

surfactant

_______ is the most important muscle in quiet breathing.

-Diaphragm

-External intercostal muscles

-Parasternal intercostal muscles

-Internal intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

Premature babies may be born at a high risk of Respiratory Distress Syndrome. This is because they are lack of _________.

-oxygen

-lungs

-surfactant in the alveoli

-alveoli

surfactant in the alveoli

The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?.

-Vital capacity

-Functional residual capacity

-Total lung capacity

-Inspiratory capacity

-Residual volume

Inspiratory capacity

What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)? In other words, at the end of tidal expiration.

-tidal volume

-functional residual capacity

-0

-total lung capacity

-residual volume

functional residual capacity

Which of these statements about the PCO2 is true? It is higher...?

-in the pulmonary veins than in the pulmonary arteries.

-than the PO2 in the alveoli

-than the PO2 in systemic arteries

-in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.

in the systemic veins than in the systemic arteries.

A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.

-x-ray

-spirometer

-electroencephalogram

-electrocardiograph

-ratiometer

spirometer

During inspiration, there is an increase in the ___________ pressure.

-alveolar

-atmospheric

-intrapulmonary

-none of the above

none of the above

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gas mixture that is 40% oxygen, 40% argon, and 20% helium, when the total pressure of the gas is 1,000 mm Hg?

-600 mm Hg

-333 mm Hg

-100 mm Hg

-200 mm Hg

-400 mm Hg

400 mm Hg