AP U.S. History Chapters 1-3 Key Terms

Vocabulary flashcards derived from Alan Brinkley's American History 16th Edition AP U.S. History lecture notes, covering exploration, colonial development, and early conflicts.

The Three G's

The primary driving forces for European exploration of the Western Hemisphere: gold (resources and wealth), glory (national power), and God (spreading Catholicism/Christianity).

Pueblo Revolt of 1680

A revolt led by Popé that successfully drove the Spanish out of New Mexico for twelve years following military conquest, forced labor, and forced Catholic conversion.

Popé

The Pueblo leader who united the Pueblo people and led the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Mercantilism

An economic system that encouraged nations like England to acquire colonies as sources of raw materials and new markets for English goods to increase national wealth.

Enclosure Movement

An economic shift in England that enclosed common lands, displacing farmers, increasing unemployment and poverty, and driving interest in New World settlement.

Joint-stock Companies

Commercial entities that financed English colonization by spreading the financial costs and risks among multiple private investors.

Puritans

English Protestants who wished to reform the Church of England by removing Catholic-like practices, eventually establishing colonies in New England to build a godly 'city upon a hill'.

Plantations (Irish Model)

Separate English settlements established during the English colonization of Ireland, which served as a model for conquering land and establishing isolated communities in North America.

New Netherland

A Dutch colony established along the Hudson River, including New Amsterdam, that focused on trade, the fur trade, and ethnic diversity before being taken by the English.

Starving Time (1609–1610)

A disastrous period in Jamestown, Virginia, marked by disease, hunger, and conflict with the Powhatan Confederacy that nearly destroyed the colony.

Tobacco

The major cash crop introduced to Jamestown that transformed Virginia into a profitable economic colony, increasing demand for land and labor.

William Berkeley

The royal governor of Virginia whose high taxes, political exclusion of poorer colonists, and Native American policies sparked Bacon's Rebellion.

Bacon's Rebellion

A revolt by frontier settlers against Governor William Berkeley over land, political representation, and Native American conflict, which ultimately accelerated Virginia's reliance on enslaved African labor.

Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore

The recipient of a proprietary charter in 1632 from King Charles I who founded Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics and a source of profit.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter in Massachusetts who challenged Puritan leaders by teaching that faith rather than strict obedience to rules was central to salvation, leading to her banishment.

Quakers

A religious group believing in the 'Inner Light,' pacifism, religious equality, and toleration, who founded Pennsylvania under William Penn in 1681 as a 'holy experiment'.

Navigation Acts

A series of mercantilist laws passed by England between 1660 and 1700 to strictly regulate colonial trade and prohibit trading with rival nations.

Dominion of New England (1686)

A centralized super-colony created by England under Governor Edmund Andros to enforce trade laws and tighten royal control, which was overthrown following the Glorious Revolution of 1689.

Metacom (King Philip)

The Native American leader who organized an alliance of tribes to attack English settlements in New England to resist English expansion and political control.

King Philip's War

A severe conflict between English colonists and Native Americans in New England triggered by land encroachment, ending in Native defeat and loss of territory, population, and power.