HOSA - human growth and development

Do family members affect each other's health?

YESYESYES

What is the meaning of family?

The meaning of family is constantly changing and the ideal family unit can be achieved with different family types

What is the dominant definition of a family until recently?

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who live together

What is the dominant definition of a family now?

Two or more people who have chosen to live together and share their interests roles, and resources

What does the family unit serve the purpose of?

An individual's health, and is typically required to achieve an individual's fullest potential

What incorporates initiatives to aid individuals whose family unit do not fulfill their needs?

External organisations (schools and religious centres)

What is physical maintenance?

A family must provide food, clothing, water, and shelther for each member. Socioeconomic barriers can result in difficulties, inadeuqte, and lack of any of these vital aspects can result in health disparities

How do you protect the family?(there are 4 things)

- Acquired illness and injury

- Varies based on the stage of life cycle (health screenings, immunized)

- Adults also may use their voice to protect their children by disciplining them

- Should be done in a gentle manner

The family unit is the only group that gives what?

Unconditional love

How does a child feel about establishing limits?

Feel protected

In what situation is an external source needed to fill this nurturance?

If the family unit breaks down

What effect does death have on a family unit?

NEGATIVEE

What should parents help their children understand?

The concept of the lifecycle and death to prepare for premature deaths to loved ones

What first starts at home for a child?

Education

Friends are the child's primary socializing agent...

FALSE IT IS FAMILYY

Schools work with families to do what?

Deliver the child education and social values, however, the extent of information to which schools should be allowed to teach is high debated

What does recreation ofer in a family?

Opens channels of communication and it is important for the wellbeing of each member that the family is able to spend time together doing stuff they like

What is a Nuclear or Conjugal family (traditional family)?

A father, mother, and children

Less than 1/3 of families are identified as this

What is a nuclear dyad?

Two adults and no children

What a single parent?

One adult and children

What is a Blended or Reconstituted family?

One or both parents bring children from previous marriages into a new union

Because this can add stress on children as they must accept lifestyles of individuals outside their previous family unit, open communication is very important

What is a Cohabitative family?

A man and woman choosing to live together without the legals bonds of matrimony

What is a Communal family?

Individuals who live together due to shared philosophy, value systems and goals

What is a Foster/Adoptive family?

Individuals who take responsibility of raising children other than their own

What is a Gay/Lesbian family?

Can take the shape of any preceding family type, however, they consist of two adults of the same sex living together

What is an Extended family?

Consists of the nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins, etc

Children are seen to have strong bonds with members of the extended family, at times, to the same degree as the nuclear family

What is the couple stage?

Tradidional start of new families where two adults move from their originals families and merge together

What is the child bearing stage?

The welcoming of a child can be very stressful, early preparedness can help to remove stress

The mother and father should evaluate factors affecting the child's development

What is the grown child stage (empty nest stage) ?

Families must make adjustments and their focus shifts from children to each other

What is the older family stage?

Begins with retirement of one or both spouses

The once parents may take on the role of grandparents

What is the importance of family size?

It is a very important decision that requires both maturity and responsibility and the family unit dynamic changes with each new child

How is the oldest child treated?

Receives undivided attention, this can lead to a problem sense of omnipotence which can cause them problems in larger society. High expectations are usually placed on the eldest

How is the second child treated?

As a result of not having undivided attention, may want to compete to out do the eldest or they may settle for less than their full potential

How is the youngest child treated?

Receives a lot of attention which is either positive or negative for the development based on the individual

How is the only child treated?

Has only adults around them, and the way they manage this is highly dependent on the individual

Define authoritarian or autocratic

Rules are made by the adults without input from the children. Parents demand and expect respect.

Define authoritative or democratic

Encourages participation from all members, with a philosophy of mutual respect and children might develop a greater sense of self esteem and gradual autonomy

Define permissive or laissez-faire

Parents do not try to regulate or set limits and children raised under this style of parenting often do not learn rules or impulse control

Define uninvolved

Parents show little to no commitment and emphasize on their needs first. These adults are emotionally unattached, often overwhelmed with stress, and indifferent to the children developing autonomy

What makes a family functional?

They are able to deal with their problems

Fosters growth and development through mutual understanding, respect and love and are able to work through stressors (finance problems, parenting, illness, death)

What makes a family dysfunctional?

Unable to provide structure to its members and they have poor interpersonal skills and lack the ability to deal with stress

They lack of proper discipline and consistency can lead to acting-out or antisocial behaviours

Healthcare laws in the US were historically developed through ____, or individual case decisions

precedents

Previously, the ruling government, religious institutions, or people

with expertise in the field of health made health-care decisions for

the __ ____ of a local area or country

entire population

What are the 3 levels of government that can enact healthcare laws?

federal, state, municipal

In what century did healthcare laws start to be developed, and which scientists/philosophers did they take influence from?

19th century, Hippocrates, Dorothy Dix, Clara Barton, and Florence Nightingale

First legal healthcare issues

Infections, wounds etc. that affected the ability of slaves to work

Standards of Practice

A list of standards to assist the professional in making good decisions while conducting day to day responsibilities within his or her scope of practice.

The first hospital for the poor was established when and where?

1750, Philadelphia

The first nursing school in the US was called ____ and opened in ____

Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, 1873

In what year was the American Red Cross formed?

1881

When did the Mayo brothers establish their clinic?

1887

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Professional organization that represents all registered nurses, formed in 1911 by graduates of training schools.

In what year did states start requiring a liscence to practice nursing?

1903

Why did hospitals become the centers of health care?

Because they have more resources (specialized instruments, surgery etc)

The ________ of ___ provided grants to

states for the purpose of building new hospitals

Hill-Burton Hospital Construction Act, 1946

When did nursing schools become regulated in America and which agency deals with them?

1965, American Nursing Association

Vocational Nursing

Nurse in community setting, requires 13-18 month training at community college

What are the 2 requirements for being a nurse?

College degree and a licencing examination

Name 4 types of workers on a multidisciplinary healthcare team

doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians, social workers

Plan of Care (POC)

A treatment plan focused on meeting the needs of the patient

standards of care

legal requirements for nursing practice that describe minimum acceptable nursing care

Nurse Practice Act (NPA)

defines the scope and limitations of professional nursing practice; vary from state to state

scope of practice

a set of regulations and ethical considerations that define the scope, or extent and limits, of the healthcare worker's job

Nursing Liscensure Compact

Enables travelling nurses to practice in multiple states, 24 states are part of the agreement

Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities

Developed in 2009; A list of patient's rights, implemented by the Department of Health and Human Services, that must be recognized and honored by health care providers. Patients must have a way to address problems, be actively involved in their care, and choose providers. They must also have a way to complain if service is not provided well.

informed consent

The requirement for patients to fully understand the benefits and risks of procedures before providing their consent

US federal law requires healthcare to be provisioned to which groups?

Physically and mentally disabled people, pregnant women

Does a patient have a right to know if he's being treated by a resident rather than an experienced doctor?

Yes

Accreditation

Process by which healthcare institutions and medical schools are accepted to meet certain standards. The government itself doesn't perform accreditation, but it generally only funds accredited agencies.

US Department of Health and Human Services

a national agency that deals with the health problems in the United States by direct services, financing initiatives (Medicaid and Medicare), statistics and censuses, and policy setting (legislation published in Federal Register), quarantine if necessary, Social Security benefits for people over 65

living will, advanced directive

documents specifying your preference with regard to medical interventions if you become incapacitated

AHA Criteria for Hospitals in pursuit of excellence

Care Coordination, efficiency, healthcare acquired infections, healthcare equity, health information technology, medication management, payment models, patient input, workforce and culture

What medical history is needed for a patient in hospital?

Past illnesses, surgeries, or hospital stays

Past allergic reactions

Any medicines or dietary supplements (such as vitamins and herbs) that you are taking

Any network or admission requirements under your health plan

What do patients need to understand to make informed care decisions?

The benefits and risks of each treatment

Whether your treatment is experimental or part of a research study

What you can reasonably expect from your treatment and any long-term effects it might have

on your quality of life

What you and your family will need to do after you leave the hospital

The financial consequences of using uncovered services or out-of-network providers

Old Age Benefit Laws

Passed in 1937 along with Unemployment Compensation

Social Security Act of 1935

Created both the Social Security Program and a national assistance program for poor children, usually called AFDC.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression. Included increased healthcare spending.

Sheppard-Towner Act

The first federal social welfare law, passed in 1921, providing federal funds for infant and maternity care.

Children's Bureau

Established in 1912, put forth community health and nursing responsibilities

Occupational Safety and Health Act

is a federal law that establishes and promotes workplace safety standards for businesses. Includes reporting on-the-job injuries

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor fees and other health expenses.

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Health, United States

Annual report on the health of US citizens

Financing- governmnent

The government funds health education programs and finances health care through Medicare, Medicaid,

and Social Security programs (Box 2-3). The government also provides grants for medical and nursing research and education.

Direct services- government

providing health care to Native Americans, military personnel and their families,

and prisoners. It is also concerned with managing screening clinics for diseases, such as tuberculosis, and

managing immunization clinics for children.

4 ways in which the government can intervene

Direct services, financing, information, settling of policy

What has the trend in healthcare costs in the US been?

Steady rise, threatening the success of programs like Medicaid and making private health insurance even more expensive

How can we control healthcare costs?

addressing issues such as health goals, individual right to health care, use of resources, and identifying the changing health care goals of the population

Why is healthcare reform challenging?

Because the public often doesn't support government involvement in healthcare, and laws passed by one political party can be undone by another

The resurgence of self-care indicates the shift in focus from ____ to ____.

treatment, prevention

What are 2 things the government will need to implement in greater capacity in the future?

Public health programs and political action committees (PACs)

Federal Register

An official document, published every weekday, which lists the new and proposed regulations of executive departments and regulatory agencies. This includes federal legislation concerning health care.

When was the Pure Food and Drug Act passed? (led to development of FDA)

1906

When was the CDC established?

1940 in Atlanta, Georgia

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

The US federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment, founded in 1971.

Infant Formula Act

of 1980; established minimum nutrient requirements

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990

Federal law that regulates the education and testing of nursing assistants

TEFRA (Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act) of 1982

amended the Social Security Act

establishing the diagnosis-related group (DRG) system, which changed health care

radically by establishing strict rules for reimbursement

Health Objectives Planning Act of 1990

*Response to the first Healthy People report (1979)

*United States began to identify and monitor national health goals; Healthy People 2000, 2010, and 2020

HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) of 1996

enabled portability of health insurance, privacy of medical information, and coverage for preexisting

conditions