BIOL 1010 Test 3: Auburn University, Kearley

When you are taking your blood pressure in your arm, you are measuring the force excerted on that blood by:

the contracting left ventricle

Lung capacity

Max capacity, adult males' is about: 5.7 liters, adult females' is 4.2 liters

Vital capacity

amount of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath

Tidal volume

air flowing into and out of the lungs in the respiratory cycle (about 5 liters)

Residual volume

remains in lungs, keeps them inflated

How to lose residual volume:

die or have the wind knocked out of you, any other time it is always there

Where does gas exchange take place?

alveoli, goes to the pulmonary capillaries

Alvelous:

epithelial cells with membrane at outer surface

Pulmonary capillaries

consist of endothelial cells, basement membrane

Alveolar epithelium + pulmonary endothelium + membranes=

thin respiratory membrane

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse where?

across the thin respiratory membrane

How is a breath test effective when testing for alcohol?

Alcohol can cross from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli

When oxygen is in the pulmonary capillaries, where did it come from?

Alveoli

Excretory system

gain and loss of water and solutes

Water and solutes are gained by:

absorption from liquid and solid foods (digestive tract), metabolism, and repiration

water and solutes are lost by:

urinary excretion, sweat, breathing, elimination in feces

kidneys

composed of a cortex and a medulla; filter water, mineral ions, organic wastes, and other substances from the blood

Urine

fluid that rids the body of water and solutes that are not needed

Ureter

tubular channel between the kidney and the bladder

Urinary bladder

muscular sac that stores urine

Urethra

muscular tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body

Kidney stones

calcium like deposit with razor like endings, must pass from kidney to the urethra

Nephrons

functional unit of the kidney, where filtration occurs, slender tubes that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla.

Peritubular capillary

a capillary near your nephrons

Bowman's capsule

where each nephron starts

Glomerulus

located inside the bowman's capsule, a blood filtering unit

Urinary tract

Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Filtration

pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries

Reabsorption

solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries and return to the general circulation

Secretion

solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron, opposite of reabsorption

Excretion

water and solutes that were not reabsorbed or secreted, flow into the renal pelvis, eliminated from the body by the urinary tract

Sweat glands

release water and some solutes (urea)

Large intestine

removes salts and heavy metals (lead) from the blood

Lungs

remove carbon dioxide from the blood- exhaled

Endocrine system

composed of glands

Hormones

products secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands, regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and maintenance

Hypothalamus

in forebrain, synthesizes 2 hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic, which are conveyed to the pituitary gland

SA node

wall of right atrium, where impulse beings

AV node

electrical bridge between the atria and ventricles

Blood pressure

fluid imparted to the body by the heart contractions. highest in ventricles, lowest in atria

Lymphatic System

returns water and plasma membranes back into circulation

Oxytocin

responsible for labor contractions and milk letdown in females

Antridiuertic hormone

responsible for reabsorption of water from the nephron

FSH: follicle stimulating hormone

female: causes follicle to mature

male: stimulates testes to produce sperm

LH: luteinizing hormone

female: ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

male: testes to produce testosterone

TSH

stimulates thyroid gland to produce hormones

Prolactin

responsible for milk production in females

Somatotropin

growth hormone

Adrenal Medulla

inner part of adrenal gland, secretes epinephrine and nonrepinephrine

Adrenal Cortex

Secretes cortisol, raises blood glucose levels

Thyroid Gland

located at base of the trachea, secretes thyroxine

Hypothyroidism

caused by low levels of blood in the thyroid gland; overweight, dry skin, depression, confusion

Hyperthyroidism

caused by high levels of blood in the thyroid gland; elevates blood pressure, increases heart rate, weight loss

Calcitonin

produced by thyroid, promotes the deposition of calcium into the bone

Glucagon

in pancreas, raises blood glucose levels

Insulin

in pancreas, cause glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood, lowers blood glucose levels

Estrogen

produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy

Progesterone

maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy

Testosterone

promotes development of sperm, response for sex drive in males, secondary sex characteristics

Thymus

superior to the heart, large during childhood but absent in adults

What causes the maturation of lymphocytes?

Thymosine hormones

What does the pineal gland produce?

Melatonin

Seminiferous tubules

in testes, coiled tubes that produce sperm

Epididymis

duct that sperm enters after leaving the testis, becomes motile

Vas deferens

tube, carries sperm from epididymis to urethra

Semen

formed when glandular secretions mix with sperm

Seminal vesicle

secretes fructose into semen, sperm use as an energy source

Prostate gland and Bulbourethral glands

secretions buffer the pH of the female reproductive tract

What hormones are in spermatogenesis?

LH, FSH, and testosterone

Ovaries

produce oocytes

Uterus

hollow organ where embryo can grow and develop

Endometrium

inner lining of the uterine wall above the vagina

Cervix

narrow portion of the uterus above the vagina

Vagina

muscular tube, extends from the cervix to the surface of the body. receives sperm and is part of the birth canal.

Cushing Syndrome

too much cortisol production, causes swelling

Type 1 Diabetes

lymphocytes destroy insulin secreting cells, need insulin shots

Type 2 Diabetes

cells produce less insulin, can be controlled with diet and prescription drugs