Flashcards Memory AP Psych

encoding

getting info into the memory system

storage

retain/keep info over time.

retrieval

getting info out of memory storage

sensory memory

immediate, very brief recording of visual and auditory info (0.3 visual, 3 sec auditory)

short-term memory

activated memory that holds 5-9 bits of info (10-30 sec)

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of info

implicit memory

procedural, automatic, nondeclarative, and shallow processing

explicit memory

deep, declarative, conscious, & effortful processing

procedural memory

implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits (like writing your name or playing an instrument/sport)

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

echoic memory

auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

mnemonics

memory aids

spacing effect

distributed study/practice yields better long-term retention than massed study/practice

hippocampus

transfer explicit memories to long term memory

long-term potentiation (LTP)

an increase in a cell's firing ability; neurons that fire together, wire together

recall

retrieve information learned earlier without cues, as on a fill-in-the-blank test or FRQ

recognition

identifies items previously learned with cues, as on a multiple-choice test or word bank

Forgetting Curve

forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

mood-congruent memory

recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

state dependency effect

info learned in a particular set of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber, drunk) is more easily recalled when in that same mind set (ex/ drinking coffee while studying so drink caffeine during test)

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list.

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories.

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past.

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined (Also called source misattribution.)

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

method of loci

associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

maintenance rehearsal

mindless repeating of info (multiplication facts)

elaborative rehearsal

effortful thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered (ex/ cerebellum, Cere was the belle of the ball)

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; (bio = life, ology = study of); meaning

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; a specific event or incident (ex/ 16th bday)

Cerebellum

processes shallow memories, like walking

levels of processing model

deeper processing increases the likelihood that the information will be recalled; structural, phonemic, & semantic levels

Multi-Store Model of Memory

sensory, short term/working, long term

Working Memory Model

interactive between central executive, phonological loop, & visuospatial sketchpad

forgetting curve

rapid decline in memory that levels out

autobiographical memory

one's personal life memories

Alzheimer's disease

progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3

context dependent

environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading info

Metacognition

thinking about thinking

tip of the tongue

feeling certain that one knows a word, but being unable to recall it

Repression

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

constructive memory

fill in missing details using consolidation & imagination inflation