APUSH Exam Review - TP 7 (WAR AND MORE)

1890-1945; includes progressivism, wwi, 1920s, great depression/new deal, WWII; Presidents: McKinley, Roosevelt (Theodore), Taft, Wilson, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover, Roosevelt (Franklin D), and Truman

What is the span of the “War and More” period (TP 7)?

1890-1945

yellow journalism

sensational newspaper reporting

eg New York Journal and New York World

Spanish American War (includes USS Maine and San Juan) + Platt Amendment

US battleship (Maine) exploded in Havana Harbor and resulted in 266 deaths; it was assumed the Spanish mined it and led to a declaration of war

San Juan hill was the most publicized battle of the war; it was a charge in cuba lead by Teddy Roosevelt (former assistant secretary of the navy; returned home a hero) and the Rough Riders (volunteer cavalry)

Resulted in Spanish abandonment of Cuba and cession of Philippines to US

Americans passed the Platt Amendment (amendment to cuban constitution that gave US rights to intervene in cuban affairs)

Cuba became a major hub for naval bases

Open Door Policy

Demand that chinese trade be open to all countries to prevent monopolies and dependence

Philippine War

suppressed philippine independence movement after the spanish american war; resulted in huge losses on both sides

Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader who established a provisional government with a constitution

American imperialism (pros, cons, and White Man’s Burden)

Pros: new markets overseas, strategic naval bases, cultural superiority, military power/advantage, manifest destiny

Cons: contradicted American principles like self-determination/freedom (Anti-Imperialist League), costs, need to focus on domestic problems, violation of democratic principles, criticism of racial/cultural prejudice

White mans burden was the belief that Anglo-Saxons (white people from developed western Europe) were superior and had a duty to “civilize” other races

chinese exclusion spread to canada and segregation also spread to Africa

Insular Cases

ruled constitutional rights didn’t apply to citizens of “insular territories” (puerto rico and philippines)

significant limitartion to the idea of american freedom

Anti-Imperialist League

coalition of anti-imperialist groups to protest american territorial expansion, especially in the philippines

Election of 1900

bryan vs mckinley

democrats were against war

mckinley won because of patriotic sentiment

Progressives

-wanted a socially conscious government (more involved in society and economy)

-wanted to empower workers to participate in economic decision making with strong labor unions

*countries around the world also participated in progressive reforms (including china, britain, france, and germany) like old-age pensions, minimum wage laws, unemployment insurance, and safety regulations.

Scientific management and pragmatism

new approaches to work

Scientific management - campaigns to improve worker efficiency; used measurements of “time and motion” studies and detailed instructions to get greater efficiency

Pragmatism - philosophical movement that said institutions and social policies should be judged by their practical effects, not tradition (experience over doctrine); John Dewey was the foremost proponent

Socialist Party

Public party demanding public ownership of major economic enterprises

Wanted reforms like labor unions and women’s suffrage

Nominated Eugene Debs in the presidential election of 1912

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Radical union founded in 1905 in Chicago

Opposed to WWI

Destroyed by the federal government under the espionage act

Free speech was a major concern for them

Collective Bargaining

Negotiations between an employer and employees to regulate working conditions

Lawrence Mill Strikes (MA)

After 54 hour workweek limit was imposed, employers lowered wages; workers immediately went on strike

Sent their children to NY to stay out of the unrest; New Yorkers felt sorry for the sickly kids and supported the strikers

Strikers won

Feminism (include flapper look)

Attacked traditional views on gender and sexual behavior

Became a huge debate in 1910s

In the 20s, people started rebelling against sexual traditions (movies, novels, dances, and cars encouraged promiscuity; premarital sex became more prominent)

Divorce was much more common

Younger women also dressed and acted differently (flapper). Influenced by actresses and magazine’s Flapper Fanny, they wore shorter skirts (cut at the knee), had shorter hair (bobs), smoked, and drove

Most abandoned the “flapper” look after they married

Birth control movement and influential women

Advocated for birth control access and “voluntary motherhood”

Emma Goldman - Lithuanian emigrant who gave speeches about birth control, anarchy, and homosexuality

Margaret Sanger - head of movement who advertised contraceptives, started a sex education column, and opened a birth control clinic in Brooklyn

Helen Keller - despite being deaf and blind, she learned to read braille and graduated from Radcliffe; was an outspoken supporter of socialism, women’s suffrage, labor rights, and world peace

Materialist movement: reforms that sought government aid to support women’s childbearing/rearing abilities and promote economic independence - link between feminists and traditional domesticity

American Society of Indians

Brought together native intellectuals to discuss the plight of natives independent of white control

founded by Carlos Montezuma, an outspoken critic of federal policies who called for the abolition of the bureau of indian affairs

Oregon System + Wisconsin Idea + Secret ballot

Oregon System (william u’ren):

Initiative - voters propose and vote on laws

Referendum - public policies submit to popular vote

Recall - removal of public officials by popular vote

*weakened political bases and won votes for women

Wisconsin Idea (robert la follette):

-state regulation of public utilities and taxation of corporate wealth

-illnes, death, and accident insurance

-wanted direct primaries (nominate candidates directly)

Secret ballot/Australian ballot: allowed voters to make their choices secretly. previously, parties could intimidate/manipulate voters by watching which box they put their ballot in

16th Amendment

federal income tax

1913

rich earn more, so they pay more

poor earn less, so they pay less

17 amendment

direct election of senators

1913

National consumers league

advocate of laws for women and children’s working conditions

led by Florence Kelly, a veteran of Hull House

Muller v Oregon

Used statistics about women’s health to advocate for labor protection for them

upheld constitutionality of maximum working hours law

state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract

first large breach in the liberty of contract

Roosevelt’s Square Deal

roosevelt’s domestic plan

meant to fix economic problems

distinguished between “good” (serving public interest) and “bad” (greedy; only existed for profit) corporations

Trust Busting

roosevelt prosecuted Morgan’s Northeast Securities Company (rr monopoly), which was a major victory for anti-trust movement

taft was more aggressive than roosevelt and attacked Standard Oil (rockefeller) and American Tobacco

Hepburn Act

gave the interstate commerce commission power to examine railroads’ business records and to set reasonable prices

Pure Food and Drug Act + Meat Inspection Act

first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines

prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling

meat inspection act allowed for federal inspectors to enter meatpacking plants to ensure adequate sanitation

Conservation Movement + John Muir

focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation’s resources

roosevelt set up federal reserves an national parks

muir was a naturalist and a top advocate for conservation

inspired ideas that nature was more of a place for recreation and personal growth

Big stick policy

Roosevelt’s foreign policy

“speak softly and carry a big stick” = be diplomatic but have a big military to back you up

Panama Canal Zone

panama used to be part of colombia but colombia wouldn’t give up land so roosevelt helped an uprising

panama canal zone = 10 mile wide strip for the canal that was US owned from 1903 to 1979

largest construction project in US history at the time; many immigrant workers lost their lives building the canal

Roosevelt Corollary

follow up to the Monroe doctrine

US could intervene militarily in western hemisphere to prevent European imperialism/intervention

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s foreign policy plan to promote the spread of American influence through loans and investments in American banks

Progressive Party and Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

ballinger wanted to give federally protected land to public; pinchot accused him of serving business interests

taft fired pinchot, severing ties with progressives

roosevelt backed away from the republican party to start progressive party (similar to democrats)

party backed robert la follette

Platform:

-women’s suffrage, federal supervision over corporations, labor and health regulations, working hours and minimum wage

Election of 1912

republican william howard taft vs progressive theodore roosevelt vs democratic woodrow wilson vs socialist eugene debs

came down to roosevelt vs wilson

Wilson’s New Freedom: improve banking, lowered tariffs and break up monopolies to give small businesses a chance (*grow economy*)

Roosevelt’s New Nationalism: government activism, regulation of trsusts, conservation, and recall of progressive-limiting economies (*regulate economy*)

Wilson won

Underwood Tariff

reduced dues on imports and imposed an income tax on 5% of richest americans

Clayton Antitrust Act

exempted labor unions from anti-trust laws and banned courts from restricting the right to strike

strengthened sherman anti-trust act for breaking up monopolies

Keating Owen Act (child labor act)

outlawed child labor in interstate commerce manufacturing in 1916

declared unconstitutional by the Supreme court in 1918 (hammer v dagenhart)

Acts to help farmers (1916)

federal farm loan act - federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates

warehouse act - extended credit to farmers when they stored their crops in federal warehouses

Federal Reserve System

12 regional banks overseen by a central board appointed by the president

handled the issue of currency, banks in danger of failing, and interest rates to promote economic growth

Federal Trade Commission

replaced bureau of corporations to combat unfair trade and monopolies

Liberal internationalism

policy that believed economic and political freedom went hand in hand

encouraged american intervention abroad to secure those freedoms globally

moral imperialism

belief that foreign policy should be guided by morality

americans should teach others about democracy

used to repudiate dollar diplomacy and justify military action in Latin America

wilson and mexico

revolution overthrew dictatorship, then military leader Huerta assassinated the new leader and seized power

Wilson wanted to teach, not fight, so he sent troops to Veracruz prevent Huerta from getting weapons

the Mexicans saw the Americans as invaders instead

Huerta resigned and fled

the country shattered and began fighting; there were several uprisings

- (eg Pancho Villa - leader of a peasant force that raided Columbus, Mexico; killed 17 Americans)

many leaders were assassinated and mexico fell into chaos

Muckraking (include “The Jungle”)

sensational journalism used to expose underside aspects of American life

-“The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair revealed the unsanitary and dangerous reality of meat-packing industry (chicago)

Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire

1911 fire in NYC factory

women and girls were locked inside b/c of oppressive working conditions and the windows were too high to escape

brought to light poor working conditions in many factories

led to federal regulation to protect workers, especially women

causes of WWI (main and spark)

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

spark=archduke franz ferdinand of austria was assassinated in bosnia by gavrilo princip (serb rebel)

divisions about wwi

british Americans and British supporters thought Germany was oppressive

German Americans supported Germany and irish did by extension (they just opposed Britain)

russian immigrants didn’t want US to side with Russia

Lusitania

german U-boat sank a British passenger ship that carried 128 americans

Germany agreed to pay reparations if US didn’t enter war

policy of preparedness

wilson wanted to expand the army and navy just in case

election of 1916

wilson v Charles hughes

wilson ran under the slogan “he kept us out of war” (not for long…)

one of the closest elections

wilson won because he got votes from women

zimmerman telegram

germans promised mexico that they would regain their lost territory (TX, NM, AZ) if Mexico would fight the US to keep them occupied and out of the war

intercepted by the British and forwarded to the US

wilson asked for and received a declaration of war

14 points

wilson’s plan for peace after the war

*not all points were included at versailles

initially used to invigorate American spirit/support for the war

included self-determination and league of nations

“peace without victory”

War Industries Board and War Labor Board

WIB planned production and allocation of war resources (regulated purchasing and prices)

WLB pushed for minimum wage, 8 hour workday, and unions during the war

Committee on Public Information and propaganda

created to inspire patriotism

made prowar pamphlets

advocated war as for the cause of freedom (appealed to morals/nationalism)

headed by George creed

18th amendment

Prohibition (made alcohol illegal)

supported by:

-employers because of sober laborers

-women because of no drunk/abusive husbands

-nativists to “civilize” immigrants

-government because it would keep cities orderly

-military because it conserved grain for soldiers in the war

prohibition effects

-MAJOR opposition

-illegal sale of alcohol (speakeasies, black market/bootlegging, gangs)

-major increase in crime

espionage + sedition acts

espionage prohibited spying or interfering with the draft and prohibited “false statements” that would hurt the war effort

sedition made it illegal to criticize the government or make statements against the war

*MAJOR RESTRICTION OF RIGHTS

treaty of versailles

ended WWI

very harsh on germany

mostly accepted wilson’s points except france and britain demanded intense reparations from germany

NOT ratified by congress (who wanted to stay isolationist) →as a result, US didn’t join League of Nations

eugenics

studied alleged mental characteristics of different groups of people

obsessed with racial purity

used iq tests

blacks and new immigrants scored significantly lower on the tests, encouraging racist and nativist ideals

W E B Du Bois

african American scholar and activists

educated at harvard

believed educated blacks like himself (“talented tenth”) needed to push for rights using their education

understood necessity of political action alongside investigation, exposure, and education

organized abolitionist-like Niagara Movement to challenge racism, Jim crow, and Booker T Washington’s accommodation ideas

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices

won a few cases but not much progress

established in 1910 and lasted

Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance (and Jazz Age)

large scale migration of southern blacks to the north after/during WWI for better opportunities/to escape Jim Crow and lynching

needed to replace white men fighting in war

large community formed in Harlem NY, the center of the African American artistic movement

writers like Langston Hughes challenge racial stereotypes

jazz was rooted in African rhythms and folk music and was a mix of blues, ragtime, and improv; it influenced American musical landscape; represented cultural creativity and resilience

19 amendment

women’s suffrage

granted by wilson in 1920

radio, cinema, art, and literature of the 20s

radio networks were all over the country and spread music, news, and trends

silent films revolutionized entertainment; sound was added in 1927; exposed Americans to new fashions, hairstyles, and social behaviors

lost generation=writers sickened by the slaughter of WWI; looked for meaning in consumer age (eg ernest Hemingway and f Scott fitzgerald)

Georgia o’keefe was inspired by nature

Henry Ford + mass production and consumer goods

assembly line production reduced manufacturing costs

Model-T was accessible and affordable; car ownership was a symbol of personal freedom/mobility

manufacturing efficiency led to lower prices

credit systems allowed more purchases

electrical appliances (like refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, radios) transformed home life

Tulsa Riot

worst race riot in US history

black veterans tried to prevent a lynching

white mob set fire to an entire all-black section of the city

300 African Americans died and 10,000 lost their homes in the fire

Garveyism

Marcus Garvey was a spokesperson for black nationalism

exalted blackness and black cultural expression

called for self-liberation from white culture and the creation of their own businesses, community centers, and newspapers

believed African Americans deserved self-determination like WWI countries

Red Scare (1) + palmer raids (1919-1920)

reaction to Russian revolution (Bolsheviks)

fear of communists, anarchists, and noncitizens

attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer led federal agents in raiding offices of radical and labor organizations

5000+ people were arrested and hundreds were deported

faced severe criticism

Quota laws (of 1921 and of 1924)

laws that severly limited immigration

1921 - limited immigation to 3% of the number of immigrants from a country compared to the 1910 census

1924 - changed to 2% based on 1890 census, which mostly restricted eastern and southern Europeans (which were “undesireable”)

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

two Italian immigrants (Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti) were convicted of robbery and murder in 1921

liberals protested that they were innocent and just convicted because they were poor anarchists

after 6 years of appeals and debates, both were executed in 1927

Return of the KKK

strongest in the midwest

against blacks but also Catholics, Jews, foreigners (definitely nativist vibes), and communists

used modern advertising

supported by lower/middle-class white protestants in small towns

Fundamentalism vs modernists over evolution + scopes trial

fundamentalism - religious belief rooted in the Bible; against Darwin’s idea of evolution (which contrasted the Bible’s creation

American Civil Liberties Union persuaded John Scopes, a Tennessee biology teacher, to teach Darwin’s theory. He was arrested for going against biblical teachings

Highly watched and debated case

Scopes was convicted but it was later overturned on a technicality

20s presidents

Harding - pro-business; nice speeches, “return to normalcy after war”; didn’t think for himself; cut business regulations; died from illness in office

-Teapot Dome scandal: secretary of the interior (albert b fall) accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome Wyoming

Coolidge - radio address; laissez-faire; cut taxes; little enforcement →decline in economy; not much of a talker

Hoover - good organizer but bad politician; very laissez-faire; his “prosperity” wasn’t prosperous; didn’t do anything for the depression

20s republican policies

pro-business with little regulation

income distribution was uneven (workers earned little more while corporate profits soared)

high tariffs protected industry but hurt farmers and international trade

protected gold standard instead of stabilizing banks

causes of great depression

overproduction - too many goods

underconsumption - not enough people buying goods

bullmarket - high stock values that attracted investors

speculation - buying stocks hoping for quick profit

buying on margin - people borrowed for most of the cost of the stocks

*since so many people speculated with borrowed money, the economy depended on increasing stock, so if stock decreased, it was cooked

When stock did drop, people rushed to sell their bonds and get money

Black Thursday (10/24/29) and Black Tuesday (10/29/29)

Thursday - large amount of people bought/sold stock (bankers tried to buy all the stock to prevent a crash); only worked for one day

Tuesday - bottom fell out of the market; people tried to sell stocks but no one wanted to buy them since they weren’t profitable

20 amendment

changed inauguration date to 1/20

New Deal + programs (alphabet soup)

FDR’s plan to restart economy

expanded government and enlarged presidential power

Programs included (but not limited to):

FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (guaranteed individual bank deposits)

TVA - Tennessee Valley Authority (citizen workers on public projects in Tennessee; built dams)

WPA - Works Progress Administration (put people to work on public buildings and art)

PWA - public works administration (commissioned roads, bridges, and public buildings)

CCC - civilian conservation corps (sent unemployed young men to work environmental projects)

SEC - securities and Exchange Commission (regulated stock and bond markets)

*Social Security Act - payments to retired people 65+

Demagogues

someone who rouses the common people against elites/government by using passionate speeches, not logic; attacked New Deal and preyed upon people’s desperation for a quick solution

eg Senator Huey Long (“Kingfish”), who proposed a minimum annual income for families by taxing the wealthy

“Court packing”

conservative decisions of Supreme Court killed a few New Deal programs, which frustrated FDR

in response, he appointed justices who supported him so that his bills would pass

was seen as dictatorial and undemocratic (disrupting checks and balances and giving too much power to executive)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

renounced war as an instrument of foreign policy

US would participate in international affairs only to get peace

*obviously failed

roosevelt’s four freedoms

freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear

Good neighbor policy

sought to improve relations between US and Latin America

America wouldn’t intervene/interfere with Latin American countries

Marines left Haiti and released some control over Cuba and Panama

isolationism

desire to avoid foreign entanglements

dominated Congress in 30s

US foreign policy until entering WWII

neutrality acts

laws passed to keep the US out o war

prohibited trade and travel to warring nations

cash and carry

allowed the sale of US arms to Britain only if they were bought with cash and transported on British ships

lend-lease act

permitted the US to lend/lease weapons and supplies to any country whose defense the president deemed vital to US defense (ie the allies)

signified the increasing likelihood of the US joining the war

not all Americans approved because it was moving increasingly away from isolationism

atlantic charter

pledge signed by FDR and Churchill that stated that WWII would not result in the acquiring of new territory; agreed to work for peace after the war

pearl harbor (12/7/41)

US embargoed Japan unless it ended war with China; after Japan’s refusal, the US issued an oil embargo and froze Japanese assets

japanese planes bombed naval base in Hawaii in order to cripple American naval power in the Pacific and to gain access to supplies of oil and resources

first attack on american soil by a foreign power since the war of 1812

the US knew there would be a pacific attack, but didn’t anticipate where or when so couldn’t prepare

over 2000 americans died and 187 aircraft and 18 naval vessels were destroyed or damaged

FDR got a declaration of war from Congress on the 11 (4 days later)

Bataan death march

in the philippines

japanese forced 78000 american and filipino troops to lay down their arms and then walk a “death march” to a prisoner of war camp

largest surrender in American military history

Battle of Midway

turning point of the naval war in the Pacific

American codebreakers deciphered Japanese code and learned of an assault at Midway island

were able to prepare an ambush

destroyed 4 japanese aircraft carriers

Island hopping

strategy of skipping over well fortified islands to seize easier targets, which would be used as bases in future operations

allowed the Americans to move incrementally toward Japan

led by MacArthur

D-Day (6/6/1944)

allied assault on the Normandy Coast of france

established a foothold In Europe after the crippling Axis defeat

lead to the the liberation of france

WWII Mobilization - minorities

women - some went to war (auxiliary units or secretaries); most did jobs the men left behind (most remained pink-collar but some did industrial work); rosie the riveter; double shift=working as a laborer and mother; advocated for better pay

African Americans - double V=victory at war and at home (against racism); some fought in the army (Tuskegee Airmen) but faced segregation; people still at home moved in the great migration to work in jobs white men left behind (like women)

asian Americans - many fought in the army; chinese exclusion was lifted slightly; japanese americans were harshly discriminated against (eventually put in internment camps)

mexican Americans - many enlisted or joined industry to show loyalty; as they left their labor jobs, native mexicans migrated under the bracero program to replace them; lived separately; discriminated by white sailors (zoot suit riots)

native Americans - 25000 served in the army; navajo code talkers transmitted in their language so the Japanese couldn’t decipher it; first real integration into industry and urban life; many wdind’t return to reservations and some even went to college

jewish Americans - suffered knowing about holocaust in germany; protested for US involvement (since the holocaust was not publicized); hated how the St Louis worked out (german jews went to cuba but were rejected; went to FL but were rejected, so had to go back to germany)

Wartime Agencies

War Production board - to reroute industrial products to the war effort (total war)

War Manpower Commission - created to manage the labor shortage

Office of Price Administration - controlled prices

War Advertising Council - created PSAs (propaganda) to support WWII (war bonds and “victory gardens”)

GI bill

provided $ for education and other benefits (health care, job training, loans) to veterans of WWII

Manhattan Project and controversy

secret American operation to create an atomic bomb

lead by Oppenheimer in NM

many feared an American invasion would cost many lives so the bomb was less of an American risk

japan was economically and politically crippled

some scientists argued to show off the US’s power but not actually use it

Postwar Conferences (Bretton Woods, Yalta, Potsdam)

Bretton Woods - participants agreed to replace the British pound with the American dollar as the world currency; created the world bank (provide money to developing countries and rebuilding Europe) and international monetary fund (prevent world governments from devaluing conversions to gain an advantage in trade)

Yalta - meeting of Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill to discuss postwar plan; Stalin claimed large amounts of land for the USSR; planted seeds for cold war

Potsdam - last meeting of allied leaders (Truman, stalin, Clement Atlee - Churchill’s replacement); finalized plans made at Yalta; established a military administration; put Nazi leaders on trial

UN

organization of nations to maintain world peace

replaced League of Nations

HQ in New York