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Jean Piaget
A psychologist known for his theory of cognitive development in children.
Sensorimotor Stage
The stage (birth-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and actions.
Object Permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
Baby Mathematics
Infants’ ability to show rudimentary understanding of numbers.
Preoperational Stage
The stage (2-7 years) where children use language but lack logical reasoning.
Egocentric
Difficulty seeing things from another person’s perspective.
Pretend Play
Engaging in imaginative and symbolic play.
Concrete Operational Stage
The stage (7-11 years) where children develop logical thinking about concrete events.
Conservation
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
Formal Operational Stage
The stage (12+ years) where abstract reasoning and logical thought develop.
Schemas
Mental frameworks used to represent objects, scenarios, or sequences of events or relations.
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.
Assimilation
Integrating new information into existing schemas.
Accommodation
Modifying schemas to fit new information.
Lawrence Kohlberg
A psychologist known for his theory of moral development.
Pre-Conventional Morality
Moral reasoning based on avoiding punishment or seeking rewards.
Conventional Morality
Moral reasoning based on social norms and laws.
Post-Conventional Morality
Moral reasoning based on personal ethical principles.
Criticisms of Kohlberg
Focuses on Western, male perspectives and overlooks cultural and gender differences.
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