Unit 3 Review - Abnormal Psychology

A pattern of thinking, acting, relating to others, and reacting emotionally that results in ongoing psychological distress for the person and/or for other people in their life is a ["personality", "personality disorder"].

personality disorder

Personality disorders tend to have a ___ course.

chronic

Prognosis for personality disorders typically are ["poor", "positive"] .

poor

The prevalence rate for personality disorders is ["15%", "5%", "10%", "1%"] .

10%

["men", "women"] are more likely to be diagnosed with personality disorders with aggressive and detached characteristics

men

["women", "men"] are more likely to be diagnosed with those with submissive and dramatic characteristics.

women

DSM-5 presents two models of personality disorders. One model organizes ["10", "5", "3", "9"] personality disorders into three clusters, and the second model uses personality traits to organize personality disorders.

10

The cluster model is a ["categorical", "dimensional"] approach.

categorical

the trait model is a ["dimensional", "categorical"] approach.

dimensional

People with personality disorders often do not seek treatment, at least for their personality disorder, because they experience the symptoms of their personality disorder as ego ["dystonic", "syntonic"].

syntonic

The pathological personality traits outlined in the DSM-5 parallel the five-factor model of normal personality. For example, detachment is a very low level of ["extraversion", "agreeableness", "conscientiousness", "openness", "neuroticism"]

extraversion

very high ["conscientiousness", "openness", "agreeableness", "extraversion", "neuroticism"] is associated with psychoticism.

openness

Someone who reacts with a lot of anxiety to situations that would not bother most people is an example of ["psychoticism", "antagonism", "detachment", "disinhibition", "negative affectivity"] .

negative affectivity

An example of ["antagonism", "psychoticism", "negative affectivity", "disinhibition", "detachment"] is someone who is disinterested in forming close and ongoing relationships with other people.

detachment

Cluster A personality disorders are the ["anxious or fearful", "dramatic or erratic", "odd or eccentric"] personality disorders.

odd or eccentric

Cluster A includes ["schizoid", "paranoid", "schizotypal"] personality disorder, which is characterized by detachment and indifference to interpersonal relationships that is described as overlapping with autism.

schizoid

["Paranoid", "Schizoid", "Schizotypal"] personality disorder is characterized by odd behaviors, being suspicious of others, social isolation and prodromal-like symptoms, such as ideas of reference and magical thinking.

schizotypal

["Paranoid", "Schizotypal", "Schizoid"] personality disorder is characterized by mistrust and suspicion of people, sensitivity to criticism, a lack of meaningful relationships, and poor quality of life.

paranoid

In addition to being listed as a personality disorder, ["schizoid", "schizotypal", "paranoid"] personality disorder is also listed on the Schizophrenia Spectrum disorders in the DSM-5.

schizotypal

Schizotypal disorder also has high comorbidity with ["generalized anxiety", "Bipolar I", "major depressive"] disorder, which often becomes a focus of treatment for individuals with this personality disorder.

major depressive

The four cluster B personality disorders are the ["dramatic or erratic", "anxious or fearful", "odd or eccentric"] .

dramatic or erratic

borderline

["Histrionic", "Narcissistic", "Borderline", "Antisocial"] personality disorder is characterized by fear of being abandoned, impulsivity and poor self-image that contributes to mood instability and relationship difficulties. This disorder has a 80% comorbidity rate with depression, and high comorbidity with substance use, bipolar and eating disorders, and suicide attempts.

histrionic

People with ["borderline", "narcissistic", "antisocial", "histrionic"] personality disorder are overly dramatic, provocative and impulsive in attempts to receive attention from others.

narcissistic

A person who lacks empathy and remorse, is deceitful and irresponsible, and does not follow social norms, rules and laws may have [ Select ] ["histrionic", "borderline", "narcissistic", "antisocial"] personality disorder.

antisocial

Cluster C personality disorders are the ["dramatic or erratic", "anxious or fearful", "odd or eccentric"] personality disorders

anxious or fearful

People with ["obsessive-compulsive", "avoidant", "dependent"] personality disorder have unrealistically high expectations for themselves and others, are perfectionistic to the extent that it can prevent them from completing projects and lack emotional depth.

obsessive-compulsive

["Obsessive-compulsive", "Avoidant", "Dependent"] personality disorder is characterized by a fear of abandonment that leads to submissive and clingy behavior.

dependent

["Dependent", "Obsessive-compulsive", "Avoidant"] personality disorder is characterized by low self-esteem, fear of rejection, interpersonal anxiousness, and not pursuing interpersonal relationships.

avoidant

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), which focuses on distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and both acceptance and change skills was developed for the treatment of ["borderline", "dependent", "avoidant", "narcissistic"] personality disorder.

borderline

The defining features of the [ dissociative, somatic ] disorders include alterations in perceptions. This is a sense of detachment from one’s own self, from the world, or from memories.

dissociative

The etiology of this group of disorders tends to be rooted in traumatic events or extreme stress. The ["somatic symptom", "dissociative"] disorders involve unhelpful and disproportionate responses to concerns about one’s health or physical symptoms.

somatic symptom

["Dissociative identity disorder", "Dissociative amnesia", "Depersonalization-derealization disorder", "Dissociative trance"] involves the experience of at least two distinct personality states, and ongoing problems in recalling everyday events, important personal information and traumatic events.

dissociative identity disorder

The distinct personality states are referred to as ["personalities", "alters", "hosts", "states"] .

alters

The transition from one personality state to another is called a ["change", "switch", "transition"], and is noticeable through the person’s physical behavior, e.g., change in posture and facial expressions.

switch

The identity that coordinates the other personalities is the ["host", "primary state", "primary personality", "alter"] , and it  ["is", "is not"] typically the person’s original identity.

host, is NOT

Twin study research indicates that the etiology of dissociative identity disorder is mostly ["biological", "environmental"] .

environmental

One hypothesis is that there is a developmental window for this disorder, meaning that trauma must occur before the age of 9 years

9

Trauma that occurs after 9 age is likely to result in ["PTSD", "agoraphobia", "disruptive mood dysregulation disorder", "bipolar I disorder"] .

PTSD

Of the dissociative disorders,["dissociative amnesia", "depersonalization-derealization disorder", "dissociative identity disorder", "dissociative trance"] is the most common and has a rapid onset.

dissociative amnesia

On the other hand, ["dissociative identity disorder and dissociative trance", "dissociative identity disorder and depersonalization-derealization disorder", "dissociative amnesia and dissociative trance"]  have chronic courses.

dissociative identity disorder and depersonalization-derealization disorder

The diagnosis is ["dissociative amnesia", "depersonalization-derealization disorder", "dissociative identity disorder", "dissociative trance"] when a person cannot recall memories about themselves, which are typically associated with a traumatic or very stressful event.

dissociative amnesia

A subtype of this disorder is dissociative ["fugue", "trance", "derealization", "depersonalization"], which involves a person making an unexpected trip, often to leave a situation they find intolerable, only to end up in a place with no recollection of how they got there or why they left in the first place.

fugue

A temporary loss of one’s personal reality or the sense of watching oneself as in a dream is ["depersonalization", "derealization"] .

depersonalization

Loss of the reality of the external world, such as people seeming mechanical is ["depersonalization", "derealization"] .

derealization

The experience of depersonalization-derealization disorder is hypothesized to involve dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which results in the ["reduced emotional responding", "attention problems"] of people with this disorder.

reduced emotional responding

A dissociative experience that is found cross-culturally and that people may say is caused by spirit possession is ["dissociative amnesia", "dissociative trance", "dissociative identity disorder", "depersonalization-derealization disorder"].

dissociative trance

Dissociative amnesia involves memory loss that is caused by ["psychological", "physical"] factors.

psychological

Amnesia for specific time periods or events is called [general, localized or selective].

localized or selective

The diagnosis when a person believes that they have or will get a serious disease but they do not have any symptoms (or symptoms are very mild) is ___ ___ disorder

illness anxiety disorder

The strong belief that they have a disease is referred to as a strong ["illness", "sickness", "disease"] conviction.  

disease

 This disorder has two subtypes, including ["care-seeking", "care-avoidant"] , which can involve seeing multiple doctors and repeatedly checking their body for symptoms of a disease.

care-seeking

___ disorder involves the experience of sensory or motor problems, e.g., deafness or paralysis, when there is no underlying neurological or physical problem that causes these problems

conversion disorder

With ["psychological factors affecting medical condition", "somatic symptom disorder", "illness anxiety disorder", "conversion disorder"] , the person actually has at least one physical symptom. However, doctors are usually unable to explain the cause of the symptom(s), the person devotes an excessive amount of thought and time to these symptoms (e.g., doctors visits, internet research), and the person experiences high levels of health-related anxiety. The person is concerned about the symptom(s) and not about developing or having a serious disease.

somatic symptom disorder

For example, a person may be in denial about having a serious health problem, and make the problem worse by not taking their medication. The diagnosis most consistent with this is ["psychological factors affecting medical condition", "conversion disorder", "illness anxiety disorder", "somatic symptom disorder"] .

psychological factors affecting medical condition

People may also fake, make-up or induce symptoms. If a person does this, but they are not doing it for any external and concrete benefits, such as getting out of legal problems or getting money from disability benefits, this is referred to as ___ disorder .

factitious disorder

. People may also fake or induce symptoms in another person, typically a person for whom they are a primary caregiver, which is also known as Munchausen syndrome ["imposed on another", "by proxy"] .

by proxy

When a person fakes symptoms for the purpose of concrete and external benefits, such as getting out of military service or getting insurance money it is referred to as ["malingering", "factitious disorder"] .

malingering

There are two broad categories of impairment in autism spectrum disorder. Becoming very distressed when there are changes in routines, excessively smelling objects, or repeatedly lining up toys are examples of ["restrictive and repetitive behaviors, interests or activities", "social communication and interaction impairments"] .

restrictive and repetitive behaviors, interests or activities

["Restrictive and repetitive behaviors, interests or activities", "Social communication and interaction impairments"] is demonstrated with reduced sharing of interests or emotions, lack of facial expressions, and difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends.

Social communication and interaction impairments

There are three severity levels with Level 1 indicating that the person requires ["substantial support", "support", "very substantial support"] .

support

The prevalence rates of autism are higher for ["boys", "girls"]

boys

Autism is usually diagnosed during ["adolescence", "infancy", "the toddle years"] .

the toddle years

There are significant genetic factors in the etiology of autism. For example, if parents have one child with autism the risk of having a second child with autism is 20%, which is a ["100", "10", "50", "2"] times greater risk than for the general population.

10

Individuals with autism tend to have elevated levels of the hormone

[ estrogen, oxytocin, cortisol ].

oxytocin

There is evidence that people with autism have a larger "amygdala", "prefrontal cortex", "basal ganglia"] at birth,

amygdala

Treatment can lead to improvement for autism disorder, but dramatic changes [ Are, Are not] typical.

NOT

Interventions that have had the greatest effect on autism spectrum disorder are ["behavioral/psychosocial", "medications"] .

behavior/psychosocial

A one-on-one approach that is based on reinforcement to increase social communication skills and extinction to decrease tantrums is ["Applied Behavior Analysis", "the TEACCH Method", "Floortime therapy"] .

Applied Behavior Analysis

There are three subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): combined presentation, predominantly inattentive presentation, and predominantly ["impulsive", "hyperactive/impulsive", "hyperactive"] presentation.

hyperactive/impulsive

For most people with ADHD the course of the disorder is ____.

chronic

The overall prevalence rate for ADHD is higher for ["males", "females"].

males

["Psychosocial factors (e.g., poor parenting)", "Heredity"] are considered the most important contributing etiological factor in development of ADHD.

Heredity

Biological factors associated with ADHD include abnormal frontal lobe development, and inactivity of areas of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. These two brain areas are major ["dopamine", "norepinephrine", "serotonin", "GABA"] pathways.

dopamine

Stimulant medications include ["methylphenidate", "amphetamines"], such as Ritalin

methylphenidate

Stimulant medications include ["amphetamines", "methylphenidate"], such as Adderall.

amphetamines

Stimulants increase the production of ["serotonin & norepinephrine", "dopamine & norepinephrine", "GABA & serotonin"].

dopamine & norepinephrine

["Dexedrine", "Strattera", "Concerta"] is a non-stimulant medication and is a ["serotonin", "dopamine", "norepinephrine"] reuptake inhibitor.

Strattera, norepinephrine

["Neurodevelopmental", "Neurocognitive"] disorders are disorders that represent a decline in a previously achieved level of functioning, and deficits that have not been present since early in life

Neurocognitive

["neurodevelopmental", "neurocognitive"] disorders most often become apparent before children begin elementary school, i.e., early in the lifespan.

neurodevelopmental

["Mild", "Major"] neurocognitive disorder involves significant interference in the patient’s ability to live independently

major

["mild", "major"] neurocognitive disorder is associated with modest cognitive decline that does not interfere in a patient’s independence in everyday living.

mild

. The most common type of neurocognitive disorder, accounting for almost half of all diagnoses, is due to ["vascular disease", "Parkinson’s disease", "Alzheimer’s disease", "traumatic brain injury"] .

Alzheimer’s disease

Neurocognitive disorder due to ["Alzheimer’s disease", "traumatic brain injury", "Parkinson’s disease", "vascular disease"] is associated with the death of neurons because of a decrease of blood flow to certain areas of the brain.

vascular disease

Neurocognitive disorder due to ["Parkinson’s disease", "vascular disease", "traumatic brain injury", "Alzheimer’s disease"] occurs immediately after injury to the head that involves loss of consciousness, amnesia, or disorientation and confusion.

traumatic brain injury

[ deterministic, susceptability ]genes lead inevitably to a person developing Alzheimer’s disease.

deterministic

SSRIs, benzodiazepines, and antipsychotic medications are used to treat ["both core deficits and associated symptoms", "core cognitive deficits", "associated symptoms (e.g., anxiety, agitation)"] of neurocognitive disorders.

associated symptoms (e.g. anxiety, agitation)

Counselors may have clients bring in meaningful photographs and help them think about the importance of and memories associated with the photograph, which is known as ["cognitive therapy", "reminiscence therapy", "behavior therapy"] .

reminiscence therapy

There are ___ causes or types of neurocognitive disorder that a clinician can specify in the diagnosis.

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