chapter 17: effects of systemic disease on nutritional status and oral health

what is anorexia?

poor appetite

what is cachexia?

decrease in body mass and loss of appetite

what is cachexia AKA?

wasting syndrome

what is xerostomia?

dry mouth

what are symptoms of all anemias?

pallor, overall weakness, inadequate oxygen carrying capacity

what are symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

excessive bleeding, poor absorption of nutrients

what helps enhance absorption for iron deficiency anemia?

vitamin C

what is megaloblastic anemia?

red blood cells are abnormally large in bone marrow

who is most at risk of megaloblastic anemia (vitamin b12)?

vegans and elderly

where is vitamin b12 found?

only in animal products

what are the 2 kinds of megaloblastic anemia?

vitamin b12 and folic acid

what causes megaloblastic anemia (folic acid)?

poor diet, malabsorption

what causes malabsorption in megaloblastic anemia (folic acid)?

celiac disease, medications

what is neutropenia?

abnormally low levels of neutrophils

what are neutrophils?

a type of white blood cells

what causes neutropenia?

drugs, autoimmune disease, nutritional deficiencies, infection

what are some recommendations for GERD?

limiting certain foods, small meals, no tobacco

how can cerebrovascular accidents manifest orally?

dysphagia, facial muscle weakness, slurred speech

what is dysphagia?

difficulty swallowing

what is hypertension?

high blood pressure

what is hyperlipidemia?

high levels of lipids in blood

what causes skeletal system disorders?

osteoporosis

what is osteoporosis?

a disease causing bones to weaken and more likely break

what are the types of diabetes mellitus?

type 1 and type 2

what is type 1 diabetes?

autoimmune destruction of beta cells

what is type 2 diabetes?

body may produce insulin but cells are unable to use

which type of diabetes always requires insulin?

type 1

what is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes?

obesity

what are long term damages from untreated hyperglycemia?

kidney failure, blindness, nervous system damage, heart disease, stroke, impaired immune function/wound healing

what is hypoglycemia?

low blood sugar

what are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

dizziness, sweating, blurred vision, rapid heart rate, nausea, seizure

what are the 3 Ps of diabetes?

polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria

what is polydipsia?

increased thirst

what is polyphagia?

increased hunger

what is polyuria?

frequent urination

what is hypothyroidism?

thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

what is hyperparathyroidism?

parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone

what does hyperthyroidism cause?

high calcium levels in blood

what does renal mean?

relating to the kidneys

what are symptoms of parkinson disease?

involuntary muscle tremors, slowness of movement, weak muscles

what are oral manifestations of parkinson disease?

abnormal chewing and swallowing, drooling, tremor of mandible/lips/tongue

what is neoplasia?

tumor/cancer

what are symptoms of radiation therapy to head and neck?

appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, xerostomia, difficulty swallowing

what is xerostomia?

dry mouth

what are symptoms of HPV?

sore throat, hoarseness, trouble swallowing, earaches

what are symptoms of AIDS?

wasting, anorexia, infections, xerostomia

what can steroids impact?

calcium and vitamin D absorption

what is anorexia nervosa?

trying to keep weight low as possible

what are symptoms of anorexia nervosa?

brittle hair/nails, anemia, fine hair growth

what is bulimia nervosa?

binging and purging

what are symptoms of bulimia nervosa?

perimolysis, palatal bruises, enlarged parotid glands

what is perimolysis?

erosion of enamel

what is BED?

binge eating disorder

what is NES?

night eating syndrome

what is RED-S?

relative energy deficiency in sport

what is diabulimia?

eating disorder restricting insulin to lose weight

what is pica?

eating non food substances

how to identify oral manifestations?

1. increased caries rate

2. enamel demineralization

3. tooth hypersensitivity

4. xerostomia

5. swollen salivary glands