CSET Science

mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (new cell reproduction)

meiosis

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

gametes

reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells

eukaryote

cells that contain nuclei

diploid

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

haploid

(genetics) the state of having only one complete set of chromosomes

zygote

fertilized egg

homologus chromosomes

chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, genes, and band patterns.

interphase

the intermission phase between multiple cell divisions

Prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase

the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle and the cell becomes more oval shaped

telophase

the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane (envelope) forms around each set of new chromosomes

Cytokinesis

division of the newly formed cells during cell reproduction

metamorphosis

a distinct change in physical appearance an organism can go through between birth and adulthood

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

phenotypes

physical characteristics of an organism

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin, 1859

1. survival of the fittest

2. natural selection

3. evolution of species over time

4. genetic variation through geographic isolation

Matter

anything with mass and occupies space (solid, liquids, gas)

Boyle's Law

The relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperture; when volume increase, pressure decreases.

Sublimation

(chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

Mass

amount of matter in a chemical substance

Density

= Mass/ Volume

Scratch hardness

Resistance to fracture of permanent deformation due to friction from a sharp object

Indentation hardness

Resistance to permanent deformation due to a constant load from a sharp object

Rebound hardness

Height of the bounce of an object dropped on the material, related to elasticity

Mohs' scale of hardness

rates mineral hardness on scale of 1 - 10

determined by ability of harder mineral to scratch softer mineral

Chemical change

a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties

Element

Assigned atomic numbers equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms. Sum of protons and neutrons gives the mass for the element

pH levels

scale of 1-14; 7 neutral (water), less than 7 acidic (battery acid, lemon juice, vinegar), more than 7 basic (soap, amonia, lye)

velocity

rate of change of position with time

= change distance / change time

acceleration

rate of change of velocity with time

= change velocity/ change time

Newton's First Law of Motion

states that an object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion with a constant speed and direction unless acted on by a force

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

for every action there is an opposite but equal reaction

Fulcrum

the fixed point about which a lever turns

Lever

Wheelbarrow, scissors

a simple machine that gives a mechanical advantage when given a fulcrum

Pulley

a simple machine consisting of a wheel with a groove in which a rope can run to change the direction or point of application of a force applied to the rope

Inclined Plane

slope

smaller force exerted over greater distance

screw

simple machine that converts rotational force into linear force

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

potential energy

the mechanical energy that a body has by virtue of its position (stored energy)

Electricity

energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Exists when number of negative electrons does not equal number of positive protons

electrical current

energy that results from the movement of charged particles

static electricity

electricity produced by friction

nuclear energy

the energy released by a fission or fusion reaction; the binding energy of the atomic nucleus

Heat conduction

the transfer of heat by the direct contact of particles of matter

Thermal radiation

radiation given off by the surface of an object at temperatures normally found at the earths surface and in atmosphere (ex: light bulb, radiator)

Convection

Hot air is less dense than cool air and therefore rises.

The transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion

refraction

the change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another

types of plants

Fungi, Algea, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Fungi

No chlorophyll, no leaves, no seeds, no flowers

molds, yeast and mushrooms - incapable of manufacturing food

Algae

Yes chlorophyll, no leaves, no seeds, no flowers

mostly inhabit lakes and oceans; lack roots, stems and leaves

Ferns

Yes chlorophyll, yes leaves, no seeds, no flowers

Lack seeds and reproduce by spores

Gymnosperms

Yes chlorophyll, yes leaves, yes seeds, no flowers

Cone baring plants (like pine) with seeds exposed

Angiosperms

Yes cholophyll, yes leaves, yes seeds, yes flowers

Flowering plants that bear their seeds within fruits

Photosynthesis

CO2 + H20 + Light --> Sugar + O2

Carbon dioxide + water + light --> glucose + oxygen

Nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Chloroplasts

organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis

mitochondrion

cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

ecosystem

collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment

adaption

inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival

King Phillip Cried Oh For Goodness Sake

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Classification of species

Homozygus

two of the same allele (dominant or recessive)

Heterozygus

two different allele

allele

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color -- 2 possibilities in 1 gene

Large, low density gas giants

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Small, rocky terrestrials

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

comet

a relatively small extraterrestrial body that when close to the sun shows a tail (comma); travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit

asteroids

rocky metallic objects that orbit the sun but are too small to be considered planets (do not have a tail)

New moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, waning crescent

Phases of the moon

lunar eclipse

the blocking of sunlight to the moon that occurs when Earth is directly between the sun and the moon

solar eclipse

occurs when the Moon passes directly between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow over part of Earth

perihelion

Earth reaches the point closest to the sun in January. Affects seasonal weather differences between hemispheres.

aphelion

the place in the orbit of a planet where the planet is farthest from the sun (July)

equinox

either of two times of the year when the sun crosses the plane of the earth's equator and day and night are of equal length

geomorphology

the study of landforms

petrology

the study of rocks

stratigraphy

the study of layered rocks

paleontology

the study of fossils

uniformitarianism

using the present to interpret the past

Sedimentary rocks

Rocks formed by the deposition and consolidation of mineral and organic material and from precipitation of minerals from a solution

process occurs at the earth's surface

majority (80%) of rocks - limestone, sandstone, shale

Igneous rocks

formed by solidification of cooled magma

form below the surface as intrusive/ plutonic rocks (ie: granite) or above the surface as extrusive/ volcanic rocks

Metamorphic rocks

transformation of an existing rock type through heat and pressure

minerals (rocks)

natural chemical compounds that are the crystals that make up rocks

weathering

decomposition of earth rocks, soils and their minerals through direct contact with the atmosphere. Involves no movement.

strata

layers of sedimentary rock. Extensive laterally and thin vertically, like a blanket.

Cenozoic Era

Age of mammals; last 70M years

Mesozoic Era

Age of the dinosaurs; began 225M years ago

Paleozoic Era

invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, ferns, and cone-bearing trees were dominant; 600M years ago

Precambrian Era

5.6 billion years ago, no life except algae

Crust, Upper Mantle, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

Layers of the earth

lithosphere

the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and uppermost mantle. Broken up into 7 tectonic plates

asthenosphere

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats. The weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle.

Convergent/ collision; divergent/ spreading; transform

tectonic plate boundaries

abiotic

non-living factors in the environment

analogus structures

(evolution) share the same function but structures are composed of different materials and took different evolutionary paths

Biofuel

Fuel made out of abiotic products (corn, oil, chicken grease)

Scratch Test

Determines the relative hardness of minerals by rubbing each mineral against the other to classify from softest to hardest.

Magma

Liquid rock. Formed when the combination of low pressure and high temperature in the earth's mantle melts rock.