aphg unit 1.1-1.7

reference maps

maps for general info (two types)

political map

a type of reference map that shows/labels human created boundaries (ex countries)

physical map

a type of reference map that shows/labels natural features (ex rivers)

thematic maps

maps that show spatial aspects of info

choropleth map

type of thematic map that used various colors/patterns to show the location/distribution of spatial data

dot distribution map

type of thematic map used to show the specific location/distribution of something across map

graduated symbol map

type of thematic map that is arranged in a series or according to a scale and uses symbols of diffenrt sizes for diffenrt amounts

isoline map

type of thematic map that uses lines to connect points of equal value to show variations in data across space (lines close together=rapid data and lines far apart=data relatively the same) (ex topographic map)

cartogram

type of thematic map where the sizes of countries are shown according to a specific statistical value

map projection

the process of showing a curved 3d surface on a flat 2d surface (basically the process of showing the earth on a map)

map distortions

globes don’t have perfect squares but maps do which leads to four types of distortions: Shape Area/size Distance and Direction (SADD)

mercator map

commonly used map projection

pros: good for navigation bc shape and direction are accurate

cons: area/size is not accurate

gall-peters map

the stretched out map projection

pros: area/size is accurate

cons: shape is stretched out and inaccurate

conic map

the map projection that’s shaped like a cone

pros: area/size is accurate and the longitude and latitude is accurate

cons: directions are not accurate

goode-homolosine map

map projection that looks like a lot of wedges

pros: area/size and shape is accurate

cons: oceans are interrupted

winkle tripel map

map projection that is more circular shaped than the robinson projection

pros: area/size and shape is accurate

robinson map

this projection is kinda more oval shaped

pros: area/size and oceans are more accurate

cons: antarctica is too big and greenland is too flat so shape is an issue

the five themes of geography

movement, regions, human-environment interaction, location, and place (MR.HELP)

movement

includes the process of migration, trade transportation and communication (the connections between places)

region

areas that are defined by one or more unique characteristics by certain patterns of activities, they can be broken into three categories

formal regions

a geographic region that is traditionally defined by economic political or environmental characteristics (homogeneous culture or set boundaries)

functional regions

geographic area that is centered around a centerpoint/node that is based around specific economys travel or communication

perceptual/vernacular regions

geographic area that has no perfect definition bc it only exists bc of ppls beliefs/attitudes/feelings about a place

human environment interaction

how humans depend adapt and modify the environment (relationship between humans and the environment)

location

the specific position or coordinates of a place, there are two types of it

absolute location

the exact spot of where something is located (gps or lat/long coordinates)

relative location

a description of a location using surrounding geographical features (ex my house is near the store)

place

the unique human/physical characteristics of a location that refers to how people are aware of a space, it’s basically a space with meaning (physical characteristics+human characteristics=place)

site

the physical characteristics of a place (the conditions)

situation

defined by human characteristics, helps us understand the importance of a location PROVIDES A SENSE OF PLACE!!! (the connections)

clustered

type of spatial distribution, the grouping of a phenomenon

dispersed

type of spatial distribution, the scattering of a phenomenon

space

the physical distance between two places on the earths surface (geographic area)

toponym

name given to a place on earth

globalization

the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world

flow

part of the five themes of geography, shows movement and is used for functional regions

time space compression

the reduction of time it takes for something to reach another place bc of technology advances in transportation and communication, the spaces are more connected so the time to travel to those spaces have been compressed

distance decay

the effect/outcome from when distance increases and the relationship between two things decreases

friction of distance

the cause/mechanism of when things are farther apart they are less well connected

cartographic scale

the scale on maps

large scale map

shows an enLARGEd area, shows more detail

small scale map

shows larger amount of area but is less detailed

geographic/relative scale

shows the geographic territory on the map (how much land does it show?)

local/city→country→subnational/state/province→national→regional→global

scale of analysis/data

the level at which you analyze or compare the data (a map may be at a subnational scale but you are comparing the data of the counties)

local/city→country→subnational→stateprovince→national→regional→global

regional boundaries

are transitional/relative boundaries that are often contested and overlapping

sustainability

development that serves the needs of the current people without compromising the needs of future generations

natural resources

materials that can be found on earth that can be used for economic gain, there are two types

renewable resources

natural resources that can renew itself (ex solar energy and wind energy)

non renewable resources

natural resources that cannot renew itself (ex fossil fuels)

recreational land use

type of land use (ex parks sport grounds)

transportation land use

type of land use (ex roads railroads subways)

agricultural land use

type of land use (ex farms)

residential land use

type of land use (ex houses apartments)

industrial land use

type of land use (ex manufacturing factories)

commercial land use

type of land use (ex commerce/businesses malls grocery stores movie theaters)

cultural ecology

the study of how humans adapt to the environment, has two main theories

environmental determinism

a theory of cultural ecology that states that the environment determines human development (ex inuit people)

possibilism

a theory of cultural ecology that limits the effects of the environment and focuses on the role of humans in human environment interaction, different cultures react in different ways depending on their beliefs (ex building a bridge to cross a river instead of letting the river determine that you can’t cross it)

GIS

computer system that layers data on top of eachother

GPS (geographical positioning system)

absolute location to help ppl with directions

remote sensing

process of taking pictures of the earths surface through things like satellites or airplanes

census

official count of a population (in the us it happens every ten years