PRELIM: AI Integration (2)

Discard at least three times the line volume

Indwelling lines commonly contain heparin; before drawing a sample you should:

Larger molecules and formed elements

Hemoconcentration refers to an increased concentration of:

Tourniquet application longer than 1 minute

A primary cause of hemoconcentration during phlebotomy is:

AST, total proteins, lipids, cholesterol, and iron

Prolonged tourniquet time tends to significantly increase measured:

Larger nonfilterable molecules (e.g., enzymes, proteins, lipids)

Postural changes from supine to seated can increase concentrations of:

Administration, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

For therapeutic drug monitoring, timing of collection must consider:

Patient has extensive burns

Capillary puncture is preferred when:

2–3 mm adults; 1.6 mm infants

Typical skin puncture depths are approximately:

Fingertip pad (lateral sides) of middle or ring finger

Appropriate adult fingerstick sites include:

Heel (medial or lateral plantar surface within safe zone)

For infants, the recommended capillary site is:

Wiped away to reduce tissue fluid contamination

During fingerstick collection, the first drop of blood is typically:

Lab coat or gown and hand hygiene

Universal precautions require gloves and:

Dispose immediately in a sharps container without recapping

After removing a needle from a patient, you should:

Fresh 10% bleach solution

Blood spill cleanup typically uses:

Squeeze site, wash with soap and water, document and follow protocol

After an accidental needlestick, the first actions include:

About 79% effectiveness in preventing seroconversion

Post‑exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine (AZT/ZDV) after HIV exposure has shown:

Away from patients, especially children and psychiatric patients

To protect patients, phlebotomy equipment should be kept:

Artery; apply firm pressure for >5 minutes

If bright red pulsatile blood is obtained during attempted venipuncture, you likely hit an:

Move the needle slightly forward to enter the lumen

For troubleshooting an incomplete collection, a first maneuver is to:

Adjust angle slightly to center in lumen

If the bevel is against the vein wall, a corrective step is to:

Prevent additive carryover contamination

Order of draw (venous, per Henry mnemonic YBGGLG) helps to:

Prioritize tests most sensitive to tissue fluid and platelet activation

In capillary draws (per Rodak), the order differs primarily to:

Crossmatch, chemistry, immunology/serology after clotting

A plain red‑top tube (no additive) is commonly used for:

Separate serum via gel barrier after clotting

A gold‑top SST is designed to:

Plasma chemistries with gel separation

A light green PST with lithium heparin is primarily for:

Contain no contaminating metals for zinc, copper, lead

A dark blue (royal blue) trace‑element tube is designed to:

Preserve glucose by inhibiting glycolysis

A light gray‑top tube contains sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate primarily to:

HLA typing, paternity testing, DNA studies

A yellow‑top ACD (acid‑citrate‑dextrose) tube is used for:

Microbiology culture of aerobes/anaerobes/fungi

A yellow‑black (culture) tube containing broth is used for:

Westergren ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

A black‑top tube with buffered sodium citrate is used for:

STAT serum chemistries needing rapid clotting

An orange‑top tube containing thrombin is best for:

Serum lead determination

A light brown‑top tube with sodium heparin (low lead) is used for:

Immunohematology (blood bank)

A pink‑top tube with K2/K3 EDTA is intended for:

Molecular/PCR and DNA testing

A white‑top tube with potassium EDTA is primarily for:

Protection (immune and hemostasis)

The major functional categories of blood include transport, regulation, and: