Industrial Systems and Location Factors Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering industrial systems, industry classification sectors, location factors, high-tech science parks, and case studies based on Cambridge (CIE) IGCSE Geography notes.

Industrial Inputs

Basic items needed to begin the production process, including raw materials, labour, energy, capital, site, land, buildings, and internet.

Industrial Processes

Activities that take place within a factory to convert raw materials into finished goods, such as cutting, sewing, welding, brewing, painting, and steel moulding.

Industrial Outputs

The end products derived from manufacturing, including finished products, by-products, products for continued manufacturing elsewhere (part products), and waste.

By-product

A secondary product derived from a manufacturing process that has practical value, such as Marmite produced during beer brewing.

Heavy Industry

Manufacturing that utilizes large, bulky raw materials on a huge scale to produce large items, such as iron and steel manufacturing.

Light Industry

Manufacturing involving smaller-scale production and lightweight materials, such as computer manufacturing, smartphone assembly, clothing, and microbrewing.

Primary Sector

The sector of industry focused on the extraction or growing of raw materials, such as growing and picking cotton.

Secondary Sector

The sector of industry that processes raw materials into manufactured products or goods, such as processing cotton into cloth or clothing.

Tertiary Sector

The sector of industry providing commercial services and distribution, such as retail sales on the high street or online, and transporting products.

Quaternary Sector

The sector of industry centered on research, development, and information technology, such as researching organic cotton cultivation or designing factory machinery.

High-tech Industry

A fast-growing industry characterized by extensive research and development and computer-automated manufacturing, producing items like precision instrumentation, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and mobile phones.

Science Park

A purpose-built area located near universities or research institutions to encourage research and development (R&D), high-tech manufacturing, and quaternary activities.

Southampton Science Park

A 17-hectare science park situated near the London M3 motorway and the University of Southampton, accommodating over 60 high-tech research companies.

Post-industrial Society

A country or economy where the majority of the workforce is employed in the tertiary or quaternary sectors, such as the UK and the USA.

Industrial Society

A country or economy where a significant portion of the workforce is employed in the secondary manufacturing sector, such as China and India.

Pre-industrial Society

A country or economy where most people are employed in the primary sector, such as Bolivia and Mozambique.

Outsourcing

The business practice of transferring jobs or operations to external companies or overseas locations to reduce operational costs, such as relocating call centres.

The Industrial System

A framework consisting of inputs (capital, raw materials, labour), processing within a factory to convert raw materials, and outputs (finished products, by-products, part products, and waste).

Location Factors

Physical, human, and economic considerations—including raw materials, transport links, capital, market availability, government policy, energy supply, land cost, labour, and new technology—that determine where an industry locates.

Pakistan's Iron and Steel Industry (Pipri)

An industrial development located near Gharo Creek and Port Qasim on flat, cheap land with railway connections (Karachi-Pipri-Kotri), water supplied from Lake Haleji, and technical/financial support from Russia.