Cranial cruciate ligament

What is the stifle classified as?

complex hinged joint

What movements is the stifle mainly making

• flexion- extension

• internal external rotation

• Varus valgus angulation

Unlike other joints the stifle has little bone _________

congruence

The stability of the stifle relies on what structures?

• cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments

• menisci

• joint capsule

• collateral ligaments

The cranial cruciate ligament is the primary restraint against what 3 occurrences?

• cranial tibial translation

• internal tibial rotation

• stifle hyperextension

_________________ is known to be the most common orthopedic condition in dogs

cranial cruciate ligament disease

while the etiology is not well known the pathogenesis of cranial cruciate ligament disease is though to primarily consist of a ___________ of the ligament

degenerative condition

before clinical signs appear what things can be affecting the cranial cruciate ligament

• ligament ischemia

• mechanical stress

• microinjury

____ breeds of dogs can be affected by CCL disease but there is very low incidence in ____________

• all

• sighthounds

a genetic mode of inheritance for ccl disease was found in ____________

newfoundland’s

CCL disease can take two forms what are they?

• partial

• complete

If one leg undergoes a CCL tear there is a high chance that ___________ within ______ years

• the other leg will as well

• 1-2

A dog with a CCL disease will appear with a history resembling what?

• pain worse after rest or exercise

• exercise intolerance

• slow progression of lameness

A dog presents to you with an suspected CCL disease upon physical examination you should notice _________ around the thigh musculature

muscle atrophy

During physical examination of a dog with a CCL disease you feel increased thickness around the stifle this is due to _____________ which forms a ____________

• periarticular fibrosis

• medial buttress

A key sign of CCL disease that will present before any other signs is ______________

pain on stifle extension

What orthopedic tests will help confirm a positive CCL tear

• Cranial drawer

• tibial thrust

• meniscal click

What are the landmarks to perform the cranial drawer test

• lateral fabella

• patella

• tibial tuberosity

• fibular head

What joint must be flexed in order to test a tibial thrust?

metatarsal joints

When attempting to diagnose a CCL tear in radiography you are generally looking for ___________

secondary pathology

a common sign of CCL tear in radiography is the ___________ being caudal to the __________

• condyle

• tibial eminences

What are the functions of the meniscus

• shock absorber

• reduces friction

• increases stifle stability

• distribute axial load

• mechanoreception and proprioception

a common secondary injury to a CCL tear is a ________ injury

medial meniscal

Why does a ccl tear commonly cause a medial meniscal injury

because it is firmly attached to the tibia

Unlike the lateral meniscus the medial meniscus only has two main ligament attachments what are they?

• cranial menisco tibial ligament

• caudal menisco tibial ligament

the lateral meniscus has the _____________ ligament which allows it to move with the __________

• menisco femoral

• femur

A medial meniscal tear will have a clear clinical sign of a __________

click

How would one diagnose a medial meniscal tear

• arthroscopy

• probe exam

in young animals due to the CCL being stronger than bone an __________ may occur

avulsion

A stifle avulsion will common happen with multiple ___________ tears

stifle ligament

CCL tears in cats lead to the development of ________ and occurs with multiple other __________

• osteoarthritis

• ligament injuries