Invasive Plants/Weeds Pesticides For Real This Time

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Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (FOPs) Mode of Action

Lipid Synthesis Inhibition- ACCase Inhibition

Cychlohexanediones (DIMs) Mode of Action

Lipid Synthesis Inhibition- ACCase Inhibition

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Site of Action

enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) in the stroma of plastids

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Function

blocks fatty acid synthesis, enzyme regulated process. interferes with energy storage and key components of membranes

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Application

foliar applied grass herbicides. do not persist long in soil.

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Mobility

mobile in both xylem and phloem

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Selectivity

Selectivity due to the presence of a tolerant form of ACCase in broadleaf plants. (Mainly injures grasses, not broadleaf plants)

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- ACCase inhibitors: Injury Symptoms

Chlorosis, Growing point separates, Slow acting (7-14 days), Broadleaf plants unaffected

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- Fatty acid elongation inhibitors (seedling growth inhibitors): Function

inhibit fatty acid elongation, causing loss in cuticle integrity, and then death. may also be involved with gibberellin synthesis

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- Fatty acid elongation inhibitors (seedling growth inhibitors): Selectivity

Selectivity due to rapid metabolic degradation by tolerant plants

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- Fatty acid elongation inhibitors (seedling growth inhibitors): Application

Mostly soil applied, highly volatile grass herbicides with relatively short soil persistence

Thiocarbamate Mode of Action

Lipid Synthesis Inhibition- Fatty acid elongation inhibition (seedling growth inhibition)

Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors- Fatty acid elongation inhibitors (seedling growth inhibitors): Injury Symptoms

Shoot inhibition, abnormal growth of leaves (unable to unfurl)

Sulfonylureas (URONs) Mode of Action

Primary: Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibition

Secondarily: Photosynthesis inhibition

Imidazolinones (IMIs/IMAs): Absorption

foliar and root absorbed

Imidazolinones (IMIs/IMAs): Accumulation

accumulates in meristematic tissues

Imidazolinones (IMIs/IMAs) Mode of Action

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibition

Triazolapyramidines (SULAM) Mode of Action

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibition

Triazolapyramidines Application

short soil life

Triazolinones Mode of Action

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibition

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Application

POST or PRE, some have long persistence in soil

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Selectivity

Selectivity due to both metabolic degradation and alternate form of ALS

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Function

Inhibit the enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS/AHAS). Inhibits synthesis of valine, leucine, isoleucine

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Absorption

Root or foliar absorbed

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Mobility

Xylem and phloem translocated

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibitors- Branched chain amino acid synthesis (ALS/AHAS) inhibitors: Injury Symptoms

chlorosis, necrosis, terminal bud death, vein discoloration

Glyphosate Mode of Action

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Aromatic amino acid synthesis (EPSPS) inhibition

Glyphosate Application

Foliar application

Glyphosate Function

Inhibit the shikimic acid pathway by inhibiting EPSP synthetase

Glyphosate: Mobility

pholeom translocated, no soil activity

Glyphosate: Injury Symptoms

stem proliferation, chlorosis, shortened internodes

Glyphosate: Selectivity

Non-selective

Glufosinate Mode of Action

Amino Acid Synthesis Inhibition- Inhibition of glutamine synthetase

Glufosinate Function

inhibits glutamine synthetase, causing a buildup of ammonia in tissue

Glufosinate: Selectivity

Mostly non-selective

Glufosinate: Mobility

Limited translocation (contact herbicide), short soil persistence

Dinitroanalines (ALINs): Mode of Action

Seedling Growth Inhibition- Microtubule assembly inhibition

Dinitroanilines: Function

Stop cell division by preventing microtubule formation. stops mitosis

Dinitroanilines: Application

soil applied. some must be incorporated because of their volatility and/or photosensitivity

Dinitroanilines: Selectivity

affect annual grasses and some broadleaf species

Dinitroanilines: Mobility

taken up in developing shoot. relatively immobile. moderate soil persistence

Dinitroanilines: Injury Symptoms

stunting, purple shoots, swollen or cracked hypocotyls in soybean, short thickened shoots, callus stem tissue, root inhibition, clubby swollen roots, yellowing of leaf margins, crinkling of leaves

Chloracetamides (CHLOR) Mode of Action

Seedling Growth Inhibition- Long-chain fatty acid inhibition

Chloracetamides (CHLOR) Selectivity

mostly grass control. rapidly metabolized in tolerant species

Chloracetamides (CHLOR) Absorption

shoot absorbed

Chloracetamides (CHLOR) Mobility

can leach. translocated in xylem

Chloracetamides (CHLOR) Injury Symptoms

Not observed. Plant dies before it emerges

Phenoxyacetic acids Mode of Action

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides

Benzoic acids Mode of Action

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides

Pyridine carboxylic acids: Mode of Action

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides

Quinoline carboxylic acids: Mode of Action

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides

Pyrimidine carboxylic acids

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides

Growth Regulator Herbicides (Auxin-like herbicides): Site of Action

one of two specific auxin binding proteins in the plasma membrane

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides: Function

disrupt hormone balance and protein synthesis. cause a range of growth abnormalities

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides: Mobility

Uptake primarily through foliage, root uptake possible. Translocate in both xylem and phloem.

Growth Regulation- Auxin like herbicides: Selectivity

Selectively kill broadleaf plants, injury may occur in grasses

Phenoxyacetic acids: Selectivity

grasses tolerant. rapidly and irreversibly metabolize active ingredient into non-toxic compounds

Phenoxyacetic acids: Absorption

Absorbed by roots and shoots

Phenoxyacetic acids: Mobility

Translocated in both phloem and xylem. short persistence in soil

Phenoxyacetic acids: Function

Interferes with RNA production and changes the properties and integrity of plasma membranes. Induce abnormal plant tissue development that eventually seals phloem, and the plant dies

Phenoxyacetic acids: Selectivity

effective broadleaf control, do not control grasses, may injure grasses

Phenoxyacetic acids: Application

typically applied POST

Phenoxyacetic acids: Injury Symptoms

Epinasty (leaves or other parts bending downward), stem swelling and splitting, leaf cupping, leaf crinkling, leaf parallel venation, leaf strapping, onion leafing/rolling in corn, fused brace roots, stalk bending and brittleness

Benzoic acids: Selectivity

Does not control weeds in the mustard family. Similar control spectrum to 2,4-D but hotter and more effective on perennials

Benzoic acids: Mobility

longer soil persistence, more volatile (than 2,4-D)

Triazine (ZINE) Mode of Action

Photosynthesis Inhibition

Phenylcarbamates (PHAM) Mode of Action

Photosynthesis Inhibition

Uracils (ACIL) Mode of Action

Photosynthesis Inhibition

Phenylureas (URON) Mode of Action

Photosynthesis Inhibition

Nitriles Mode of Action

Photosynthesis Inhibition

Photosynthesis Inhibitors Function

Diversion of electron transport through photosystem 1: Reduction of oxygen to a toxic superoxide radical (diquat and paraquat)

Inhibition of electron transport in photosystem 2: Bind to D1 protein of PS 2 reaction center, blocking electron transfer to plastoquinone

Free radicals destroy membrane integrity

Photosynthesis Inhibitors: Mobility

Xylem mobile, not very mobile if foliar applied

Photosynthesis Inhibitors: Injury Symptoms

Yellowing of leaf tissue, necrosis, interveinal chlorosis. symptoms often appear on the margins of the oldest leaves

Fluridone Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibitors- Phytolene desaturase inhibition

Norflurazon Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibitors- Phytolene desaturase inhibition

Isozazolidinones Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibitors- Diterpene Synthesis inhibition

Isozazolidinones: Injury Symptons

New growth is white, sometimes tinged with pink or purple. white between veins

Diphenylethers (FEN) Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibition- Protox/PPO inhibition

N-phenylthalamides Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibition- Protox/PPO inhibition

Triazinone Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibition- Protox/PPO inhibition

Calliestemones Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibition- 4-HPPD Inhibition

Isozazoles Mode of Action

Pigment Inhibition- 4-HPPD Inhibition

Paraquat and Diaquat: Function

binding to the D1 protein and blocking electron transport to plastoquinone

2,4-D Chemical Family

Phenoxyacetic Acids

Isoxaflutole Chemical Family

Isoxazoles

Paraquat Chemical Family

Bipyridylium

Chlorsulfuron Chemical Family

Sulfonylureas

Sethoxydim Chemical Family

Cyclohexanediones

Metolachlor Chemical Family

Chloracetamides

Pyroxsulam Chemical Family

Triazolopyrimidines

Pendimethalin Chemical Family

Dinitroanalines

Fluazifop Chemical Family

Aryloxyphenoxypropionates

Acifluorfen Chemical Family

Diphenylethers

Butylate Chemical Family

Thiocarbamate

Imazaquin Chemical Family

Imidazolinones

Atrazine Chemical Family

Triazines

Dicamba Chemical Family

Benzoic Acids

Clopyralid Chemical Family

Pyridine carboxylic acids

Linuron Chemical Family

Phenylureas

Clomazone Chemical Family

Isoxazolidinone