Organic Molecules, Cell Structure, and Tissues Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing organic molecules, cell structure, membrane transport, cell cycle, metabolism, DNA, tissues.

What is the major energy source for the body, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?

Carbohydrates

What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon/oxygen in carbohydrates?

2:1

What are the single-unit sugars called?

Monosaccharides

Name three examples of monosaccharides.

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What are the characteristics of lipids?

Hydrophobic (water-repelling), composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What is the function of triglycerides?

Energy storage

What is the key component of cell membranes?

Phospholipids

What are steroids made from?

Cholesterol

What elements compose proteins?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids (20 different types)

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

What components make up nucleic acids?

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base)

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

What is the function of DNA?

Stores genetic information

What is the role of RNA?

Involved in protein production

What is the energy molecule of cells?

ATP

Which cell component houses genetic material?

Nucleus

What is the liquid containing organelles inside a cell called?

Cytoplasm

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein manufacturing site

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein production

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Lipid production, drug metabolism

Which organelle is responsible for protein packaging and sorting?

Golgi Apparatus

Which organelle is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell'?

Mitochondria

What is the function of lysosomes?

Cell's 'garbage disposal,' breaks down toxins and worn-out cell parts

What provides cell structure and movement?

Cytoskeleton

What is the function of cilia?

Move fluids, found in respiratory tract

What is the function of flagella?

Enables sperm movement

What kind of transport moves molecules from high to low concentration without energy expenditure?

Passive Transport

What is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration called?

Diffusion

What type of passive transport uses protein channels to move molecules across the membrane?

Facilitated Diffusion

What is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane called?

Osmosis

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Water leaves cell, causing cell to shrink (crenation)

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Water enters cell, can cause cell to swell or burst (lysis)

What kind of transport moves substances against a concentration gradient using energy?

Active Transport

What pump moves 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions in?

Sodium-Potassium Pump

What is the process of bringing substances into the cell?

Endocytosis

What is the process when a cell 'drinks' liquids?

Pinocytosis

What is the process when a cell 'eats' particles?

Phagocytosis

What is the process of transporting substances out of the cell?

Exocytosis

In what phase of Interphase does DNA replication occur?

S Phase

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

What happens during anaphase?

Chromosomes separate

What is the division of cell cytoplasm called?

Cytokinesis

What is catabolism?

Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

What is anabolism?

Building up smaller molecules into larger ones

What is the process of joining molecules by removing water called?

Dehydration Synthesis

What role do enzymes play in metabolic reactions?

Proteins that control metabolic reaction rates

What is the basic structure of DNA?

Double-helix molecule

Which nitrogenous base does Adenine (A) pair with?

Thymine (T)

Which nitrogenous base does Guanine (G) pair with?

Cytosine (C)

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine (A) and Thymine (T)?

2 hydrogen bonds

How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C)?

3 hydrogen bonds

Where does transcription occur?

In the nucleus

Where does translation occur?

In ribosomes

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain

How many ATP molecules are produced approximately during Cellular Respiration?

30-36

What four main types of tissues are in the human body?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Covers and lines body surfaces, protects, secretes, absorbs

What are the types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

What unique feature is specific to cardiac muscle cells?

Intercalated discs

What are the two classifications of epithelial tissue

Number of cell layers (simple/stratified) and Cell shape at surface (squamous/cuboidal/columnar)

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Exocrine glands release contents into ducts, while endocrine release contents directly into bloodstream

What are the two subtypes of connective tissue proper?

Loose and dense