cardiothoracic/cardiovascular

alveoli

the terminal end of the bronchioles, grape-like clusters within the lungs where the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place

atherosclerosis

an arterial disorder characterized by yellowish plaque that lines the inner layer of arteries causing narrowing of the lumen resulting in a decreased flow of blood to organs supplied by arteries

atria

upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava veins and the coronary sinus

coronary ostia

the openings or orifices through which the left and right coronary arteries originate from the aorta, specifically within the aortic sinuses of Valsalva

empyema

the collection of pus in the pleural space due to a bacterial infection that is removed by surgical incision and drainage

hemoptysis

sputum that is coughed up that contains blood

infiltrate

accumulation or diffusion of a foreign substance into tissue

mediastinum

the middle area of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

myocardium

the muscle of the heart that is composed of cardiac muscle cells that contract and force blood from the hearts chamber

pericardium

a thin serous sac that surrounds the heart; it consists of the serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium

pneumothorax

abnormal accumulation of air in the pleural cavity

ventricles

the lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria

heart

the power pump of the circulatory system

parietal-outer layer

visceral-inner layer

the pericardial sac has two layers, what are they

pericardial fluid

separates the two layers and serves as a lubricant to prevent friction

epicardium

outer lining of the cardiac wall

myocardium

the muscular layer of the cardiac wall

endocardium

inner layer of the cardiac wall

atrium(top) and ventricle(below)

each chamber half of the heart has what

aortic valve

at the connection between the aorta and the left ventricle

pulmonary valve

at the connection between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery

tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and the right ventricle

mitral valve

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

right and left coronary arteries

what arteries supply blood to the heart

circumflex artery

supplies blood to the left atrium, side and back of the left ventricle

left anterior descending artery

supplies the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum

coronary arteries

are found in the epicardium and branch off into smaller arteries

cardiac ablation

treatment for irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias

veins enter the heart and arteries leave the heart

VEAL stands for

aorta

main artery of the body, carries oxygenated blood out to the peripheral arteries, which become arterioles and then capillaries

vena cava

largest veins of the body, oxygen is fed to the tissues at the capillary beds-the deoxygenated blood is picked up by the venules, which become veins and lead back to the vena cava

tunica adventitia

outer layer of blood vessel-connective tissue covering

tunica media

middle layer of blood vessel-smooth muscles/elastic tissue, changes vessel diameter

tunica intima

innermost layer of blood vessel-lines vessels, endothelium

arterial circulation

is powered by the heart

venous circulation

is powered by skeletal muscles

EKG

is the first step, assesses change in electrical activity of the heart, abnormalities are seen when the cardiac muscle is not functioning properly

cardiac catheterization

done in the cath lab under local and fluoroscopy

septum

the wall separating the chambers of the heart is called the

patent ductus arteriosus

vessel present in-utero that shunts blood to the aorta instead of thru the lungs, normally closes shortly after birth. What is it called when it does not close

ductus arteriosus

is a blood vessel connecting two arteries(aorta and pulmonary artery) of the heart in fetus.

coarctation of the aorta

a congenital heart defect where the aorta, the main artery carrying blood away from the heart, is narrowed, typically in the area near the aortic arch

angina

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Is a symptom of coronary artery disease

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle. The heart does not effectively pump blood to body

congestive heart failure

chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through the heart to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen

hypertensive heart disease

long-term condition that develops over years of high blood pressure. Its a group of medical problems that can happen with high blood pressure that is not changed

myocardial infarction

flow of blood to the heart is severely reduced or blocked. The blockage is due to a buildup of fat, cholesterol in coronary arteries

rheumatic heart disease

damage to heart valves caused by rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci

murmur

whooshing or swishing sound made by rapid, choppy blood flow through the heart valve. Heard with a stethoscope.

endocarditis

inflammation of endocardium adn heart valves. Can be bacterial, viral and thrombotic. Lethal if untreated. Can be treated with antibiotics adn surgery

myocarditis

inflammation of myocardium. Can be viral, bacterial, fungal infection, rheumatic fever or from chemical agents. Can lead to acute heart failure

marfans syndrome

extremities are long and spiderlike with ability to greatly extend hands, feet and fingers

myeloma

cancer that begins in bone marrow and affects the plasma cells

leukemia

DNA of immature white blood cells become enlarged and causes blood cells to grow and divide abnormally. Can be acute or chronic

Lymphoma

neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

hemophilia

disorder of blood clotting system. Causes prolonged bleeding

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

prevents blood from clotting normally

PVD (peripheral vascular disease)

any disease or disorder of the circulatory system outside of the brain and heart

anemia

not enough healthy RBC to carry
adequate oxygen to tissues