Psychology Flashcards for Exam 1 (chapters 1,2,3,5)

7 themes of psychology

empirical, theoretically diverse, sociohistorical evolution, multiple causality, cultural heritage matters, nature and nurture, subjectivity

empirical

has been tested with the scientific method

sociohistorical evolution

influenced by things in society as things change

multiple causality

cultural heritage matters

nature and nurture

• the debate about psychology and how people become who they are.

subjectivity

different perspectives/definitions

psychology

the study of human mind and behaivor

clinical psychology

study, treatment and research of mental disorders

experimental psychology

the scientific study of behavior, motives, or cognition in a laboratory or other controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior or other psychological phenomena

G. Stanely Hall

1st PhD in psychology in USA

Margaret Floy Washburn

1st female to get a PhD in psychology in USA

Francis Cecil Sumner

1st African American to get a PhD in psychology in USA

Clinical vs Counseling vs Community Psychologist vs Psychiatry

Nativism(plato) vs Philosophical empiricism(aristotle)

Demons

Otrephination

Biologic psychology

• research on all areas of connection between bodily systems and chemicals and their relationship to behavior and thought

Locke

• established the view of empiricism

• everyone is born with a blank slate and their experiences shape who they are

Witch Craft

Philosophical dualism

Phrenology

Weber and Fencher

Gestalt

Helmoltz

• the first to calculate the speed of a nerve impulse being 90 ft/s

Structuralism

Wilhelm wundt (1879)

• grandfather of psychology

• gave psychology independence from philosophy and physiology

• opened the first psychology lab in 1879

Functionalism

William James

Psychoanalysis

• the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior

• dreams have meaning and are the most direct route to the unconscious mind

• experiences in childhood affect how we act in adulthood

Sigmund Freud

• developed a form of therapy called psychology

behaviorism

• the only explanation for behavior is the conditions that create behavior

• learning occurs through association and consequences

humanism

• assumes people strive toward meaning, growth, well being and happiness

cognitive

• thoughts, heuristics, and assumptions are the primary forces behind behavior

• kert lewin

• study of how we perceive info, how we learn/remember, problem solving

social

• thought, behavior, and personality are most likely products of social and cultural conditions

• there are similarities and differences in thought, personality, and behavior cross-culturally

• the immediate and larger environments impact and mold a persons personality from birth on

biopsychosocial

nature

• who we are comes from inborn tendencies and genetically based tendencies

nurture

• we are all the same at birth and are shaped by our experiences

sexual selection

• when members of the opposite sex find traits appealing and over time the traits become more popular in environments over time

critical thinking

• the ability to analyze facts, generate ideas, defend opinions, make comparisons, draw inferences, evaluate arguments, and solve problems

evolutionary psychology

• uncovers the adaptive problem the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today

• modern day mind/behavior by looking at traits that may have helped ancestors in the past

neuropsychological

• behavior, thoughts, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic epigenetic, genetic, and neurological systems between individuals.

humanistic-positive psychology-

• assumes people strive toward meaning, growth, well being and happiness

G. Stanely Hall

• first PhD in psychology in USA

• opened the first psychology lab in USA at John Hopkins

empiricism

• knowledge and thoughts come from experiences and observations

emil kraepelin

• collected data on mental disorders and diagnosed them'

• his work became the guidebook for the DSM

Asylums

• built through out Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries during the witch hunts

• were made to house people with mental illness

trephination

• drilling a small hole in a persons skull

• purpose was to release the demons that were thought to be the cause of mental illness

health psychology

• examines the role of psychological factors in physical health and illness

clinical psychology

• focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

cross cultural psychology

• how behavior varies and is similar across different cultures in the world

social psych

• considers how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feelings and behavior

personality psych

• considers what makes people unique, as well as the consistence’s in people’s behavior across time and situations

behavioral neuroscience

• studies the link among brain, mind and behaivor

developmental psych

• explores how thought and behavior change and show stability across the lifespan

cognitive psych

• the study of how we perceive info, how we learn & remember, use language and problem solve

7 major perspectives of psychology

• psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, sociocultural, neuropsychology, evolutionary

epistemology

• a branch of psych made by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

• regularly asks “how do we know?”

comparative psychology

• looking at behaviors that humans and other animals share

educational psychology

• the process of educating and learning and what are the most effective techniques

• includes cognitive and social psych

industrial/organizational psychology

• how to use psychology on how top make workers more productive and how to get consumers more likely to buy products

forensic psychology

• intersection of psychology and the law

• one side focuses on the criminal mind and behavior

• one side focuses on the clinical mind of the perpetrator

differential psychology

• look at the individual traits and characteristics and how it affects out mind and behavior

environmental psychology

• understanding our impact on the environment and the environments impact on us

basic vs applied

• basic is research down just to knowledge

• applied looks to understand some aspects of our real world and a real world issue

reciprocal determinism

• the idea that we usually influence each others behaviors

skepticism

• the belief that we cant believe everything we see so we need to do investigation to understand

naive realism

• only believe the things your eyes see

peer review

• knowledgeable others in your field look at your research and determine if others should be exposed to it

parsimony

• the idea that we should try to come up with the simplest explanation with the largest number of behaviors

methods of observation vs explanation

• methods of observation allow us to explain what people are actually doing

• methods of explanation allow us to explain why they are the way they are

scientoific method

• observe

• theory

• formulate a hypothesis

• design a study

• collect data

• analyze and draw conclusions

• report and revise

• replicate
  
  

hindsight

• once you know the outcome of something you think you always believed it

perceiving patterns

• creating patterns that dont actually exist

post truth

• refers to a culture where emotions and personal beliefs are more objective than actual facts

repetition

• when things are repeated we have stronger urgency to believe that it is a fact

availability of powerful examples

• tend to influence us more than they should

hypotheses

• a testable statement

independent variable

• cause a change in a different variable

• level and control

dependent variable

• the variable looking for change

experiment

allows us to determine cause and effect

quasi experiment

• some variable that the researchers dont have control over

cross sectional vs longitudinal

• cross sectional: look at different variables over a long period of time

field study

• taking research out into the real world

naturalistic observation

• observation of participants in their natural environment

case study

• observing a small number or one person about a psychological concept

survey

• asking people questions and getting their responses

between-subjects

• expose participants to one level of independent variable

between-subjects

• expose participants to one level of independent variable

within-subjects

• exposing one participant to multiple levels of independent variable

reliability

• if you gave the same one person the same task you will get the same score across repeated tasks

validity

• you are measuring what you think you are measuring

internal

• how much control you have over the study as the researcher

external

• how likely you are to repeat the results of the research

sample vs population

• sample: the actual participants in the study

• population: who you want to apply results to

WEIRD

• an issue we see with participants in studies

• western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic

self selection

• select studies that fit with your specific interests

descriptive stats

• stats that describe data

mean

• average

median

• middle