SciOly - Anatomy & Physiology (Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular)

Anatomy

the scientific study of the body’s structures

Gross anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy)

the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

Microscopic anatomy

the study of structures that can only be observed with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

Cytology

the study of cells

Histology

the study of tissues

Regional anatomy

the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen

Systemic anatomy

the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

Discrete body system

a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function

Physiology

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

Homeostasis

the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Fundamental levels of organization

• subatomic particles

• atoms

• molecules

• organelles

• cells

• tissues

• organs

• organ systems

• organisms

• biosphere

Cell

Smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism, they perform all functions of life

Cytoplasm

a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles

Organelles

a variety of tiny functioning units

Tissue

a group of similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types, each performs one or more specific physiological functions

Organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body

Integumentary System

• Encloses internal body structures

• Site of many sensory receptors

• The body’s largest organ system

• Hair, skin, nails

Skeletal System

• Supports the body

• Enables movement (with muscular system)

• Cartilage, bones, joints

Muscular System

• Enables movement (with skeletal system)

• Helps maintain body temperature

• Skeletal muscles, tendons

Nervous System

• Detects and processes sensory information

• Activates bodily responses

• Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Endocrine System

• Secretes hormones

• Regulates bodily processes

• Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

Cardiovascular System

• Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues

• Equalizes temperature in the body

• Heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic System

• Returns fluid to bloods

• Defends against pathogens

• Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory System

• Removes carbon dioxide from the body

• Delivers oxygen to blood

• Nasal passage, trachea, lungs

Digestive System

• Processes food for use by the body

• Removes wastes from undigested food

• Stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

Urinary System

• Controls water balance in the body

• Removes wastes from blood and excretes them

• Kidneys, urinary bladder

Male Reproductive System

• Produces sex hormones and gametes

• Delivers gametes to female

• Epididymis, testes

Female Reproductive System

• Produces sex hormones and gametes

• Supports embryo/fetus until birth

• Produces milk for infant

• Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

Organism

a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

First law of thermodynamics

Holds that energy can neither be created nor destroyed - it can only change form

Anabolism

the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules combined into larger more complex substances. Requires energy. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat.

Catabolism

the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.

Metabolism

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body. Both anabolism and catabolism occur simultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a chemical compound used by every cell in your body to store and release energy

Responsiveness

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments

Development

all of the changes the body goes through in life, includes the process of differentiation

Differentiation

unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

Growth

increase in body size

Reproduction

The formation of a new organism from parent organisms

Oxygen

a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP

Nutrient

a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival

Basic classes of nutrients

1. Water (Most critical) Macronutrients

2. Energy-yielding (Carbs and lipids) and body-building (proteins) Macronutrients

3. Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) (elements and compounds)

Sweating

response to heat, Removes some thermal energy from the body, cooling it

Shivering

response to cold, random muscle movement that generates heat

Hypothermia

the clinical term for an abnormally low body temperature

Hyperthermia

the clinical term for an abnormally high body temperature

Controlled hypothermia

Used during open-heart surgery because it decreases the metabolic needs of the brain, heart, and other organs, reducing the risk of damage to them. The patient is given medication to prevent shivering

Pressure

a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance

Atmospheric pressure

Exerted by the mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere

Decompression Sickness

a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body. Affects underwater divers who surface from a deep dive too quickly and pilots flying at high altitudes in planes with unpressurized cabins.

Blood Pressure

the pressure exerted by blood as it flows within blood vessels, must be great enough to enable blood to reach all body tissues, and yet low enough to ensure that the delicate blood vessels can withstand the friction and force of the pulsating flow of pressurized blood.

Set Point

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

Normal Range

the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable

Negative Feedback

a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, maintains body parameters within their normal range

Sensor

A receptor, a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value, this value is reported to the control center

Control Center

the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range

Effector

the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range

Positive Feedback

intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it. A deviation from the normal range results in more change, and the system moves farther away from the normal range. Only normal in the body when there is a definite end point. Childbirth or reversing extreme damage to the body are some examples.

Perfusion

penetration of blood

Anatomical position

that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward.

Frons

forehead (frontal)

Cranium

skull (cranial)

Facies

face (facial)

Oculus

eye (orbital or ocular)

Bucca

cheek (buccal)

Auris

ear (otic)

Nasus

nose (nasal)

Cervicis

neck (cervical)

Oris

mouth (oral)

Mentis

chin (mental)

Axilla

armpit (axillary)

Brachium

arm (brachial)

Antecubitis

front of elbow (antecubital)

Antebrachium

forearm (antebrachial)

Carpus

wrist (carpal)

Pollex

thumb

Palma

palm (palmar)

Digits (phalanges)

fingers (digital or phalangeal)

Patella

kneecap (patellar)

Crus

leg (crural)

Tarsus

ankle (tarsal)

Digits (phalanges)

toes (digital or phalangeal)

Hallux

great toe

Thorcis or thorax

chest (thoracic)

Mamma

breast (mammary)

Abdomen

abdominal

Umbilicus

navel (umbilical)

Hip

coxal

Pelvis

pelvic

Inguen or groin

inguinal

Pubis

Pubic

Femur

thigh (femoral)

Pes

foot (pedal)

Trunk

Thorcis or thorax, mamma, abdomen, umbilicus, hip

Anterior

front

Cephalon

head (cephalic)

Cervicis

neck (cervical)

Upper limb

Shoulder (acromial) to Manus or hand (manual)

Lower limb

Femur or thigh (femoral) to Planta or sole of foot (plantar)