Biology: Module 2

Different arrangements of the same number/ type of atom

Isomer

Intra-

Within Molecules

Inter-

Between Molecules

Different arrangement around an asymmetric carbon

Enantiomers

Structural Isomer

Covalent

Cis-trans Isomer

Double Bond

Enantiomer Isomer

Asymmetric Carbon

Made up of many smaller molecules joined by covalent bonds

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid, Lipids

Macromolecule Groups

Dehydration Synthesis

Polymerization

Hydrolysis

Depolymerization

When monomers form a chain =

Polymers

Removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

Dehydration synthesis

Adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis

Monosaccharides (Simple sugars)

Monomer of carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrate

One-sugar

Monosaccharides

Two-sugars

Disaccharides

Glucose + Fructose =

Sucrose

Covalent bond between C1 and -OH

Glycosidic Bond

Sucrose + H2O =

Glucose + Fructose

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose

Glucose Polymers

More electronegative than H+

N, S, P, O

Plant Energy Storage

Starch

Animal Energy Storage

Glycogen

Plant Structure

Cellulose

Amino Acid

Monomer of Protiens

Polypeptides

Polymer of Proteins

Chemical groups that influence molecular function by participating in chemical functions

Functional Groups

Small, single molecules that act as building blocks

Monomer

Large molecules made by bonding many monomers together

Polymers

Energy Storage, Structure, Signaling

Carbohydrate Functions

Carbohydrate structure that determines function

Polysaccharide Structure

Amino Acids are joined by

Dehydration Synthesis

Covalently link amino acids into polypeptides

Peptide Bonds

Biologically functional molecule composed of one or more peptides, perform majority of cell work

Protiens

Depends on the ability to recognize and bind another molecule

Protein Function

Determines Protien sturcture

Amino Acid Sequence

Primary Amino Structure

Covalent Bonds (Peptide Bonds)

Secondary Amino Structure

H-Bonds between backbone atoms

Tertiary Amino Structure

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, and Van Der Waals bonds between side chain atoms

Quaternary Amino Structure

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, and Van Der Waals bonds between different polypeptides

Molecules that assist in the folding of other protiens

Chaperonins

Chaperonins

Provide selective chamber for protein folding to occur and protect from “bad influences” in the cell

DNA & RNA

Nucleic Acids

Monomers of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are joined by

Dehydration synthesis

Strong covalent bond that links individual nucleotides together to form the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA

Phosphodiester Bond

Double band structure that stores genetic information and encodes all proteins

DNA

Single band structure that has a role in protein synthesis and regulation

RNA

Fats, Steroids, Phospholipids

Lipids

Lipids are

Hydrophobic and Hydrocarbons

Fats are composed of

Gycerol and Fatty acids

Fat Structure

Glycerol backbone, Fatty Acid tail

Saturated Fats

Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

Liquid at room temperature

Glycerol and Fatty Acids are joined by

Dehydration Synthesis

Glycerol backbone, Fatty acid tail, Phosphate head

Phospholipid

Amphipathic

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic in the same structure