Final Exam Study for Immunology (weigel UCF)

Macrophages fight extracellular pathogens

True or false

true

NK cells fight intracellular pathogens. True or false.

true

What is C3b a ligand for?

CR1

What is iC3b a ligand for?

CR3 and CR4

can CR3 and CR4 recognize a gram negative bacteria without being deposited?

Yes

what do CR3 and CR4 recognize?

iC3b and LPS

what are the three phagocytic receptors?

scavenger, mannose, and glycan

What does TLR4 recognize and what does it lead to?

recognizes LPS and leads to macrophages making inflammatory cytokines.

TLR4. recognizes what? Ligand? Location?

recognizes: gram-negative bacteria

ligand: LPS

Location: extracellular on the plasma membrane

TLR7 recognizes what? Ligand?

recognizes: RNA viruses

Ligand: single stranded RNAs

TLR5 recognizes what? Ligand? Location?

ligand: flagellin

recognizes: bacteria

extracellularW

TLR3. recognizes what? Ligand? Location?

Ligand: double-stranded RNA

Recognizes RNA Viruses

IL-1

inflammatory cytokine

NOD-1 and NOD-2 recognize

recognizes bacteria on cytoplasm

What are antigen binding sites called?

variable regions

what are the granular types and in order?

1) Primary (azurophillic)

2) Secondary (specific)

3) Tertiary (gelatinase)

all nucleated cells are susceptible to viral infection.

True or False?

true

What does IL-12 do?

activates NK cells

what cleaves antibodies into 3?

papain

Somatic hypermutation results in what mutant on the surface of b-cells?

BCR

what is another name for neutrophils?

PMN

Where is IgA present?

milk, colostrum, saliva

what are the examples of cells that use receptors to recognize self from non-self?

NK and macrophages

Where are antigens found and what are they bounded by?

found in the blood and bounded by antibodies

What is the first antibody produced in our immune system?

IgM

What are the pyrogens?

IL-6, IL-2, IL-1

What does TNF-alpha do?

Induces blood vessels to become more permable

What are the steps in the intracellular signaling process?

LPS (long)

LBP (live)

CD14 (charles)

MD2 (mon)

TLR4 (tour)

what are the adhesion molecules for rolling adhesion?

selectin mucosal like addressins

Where does somatic recombinaton take place?

in the bone marrow and b-cells

IL-12 activates

NK cells

What does IL-6 do?

it is produced by macrophages and goes to the liver and tells the hepatocytes to make reactants

What is the cell process in bone marrow

HENRY- hematopetic

LIKES- lymphoid

PIZZA- pro-b---pre-b---immature-b

MORE- mature b-cel------- activated b-cell

What is a heavy chain composed of?

V,D, & J segments

What is the light chain composed of?

V&J segments

what does IgE trigger?

it triggers allergic reaction

What is the C3 convertase of the classical pathway?

C4b2a

What initiates the MAC (membrane attack complex)?

C5b

What happens during respiratory burst?

an increase in oxygen consumption

what do MASP-1 and MASP-2 cleave to?

C2

What does IgM initiate?

it initiates the classical pathway

IgM is the first isotype made and secreted. True or False?

true

What isotype is able to cross the placenta and provides the fetus protective antibodies from the mother?

IgG

IgG is smaller and most abundant. True or false?

true

What are the 4 subclasses of IgG from highest to lowest concentration?

1) IgG1

2) IgG2

3) IgG3

4) IgG4

Where is IgG found?

it is found in the bloodstream and the most abundant antibody in the blood.

IgA is found across the body? True or false

true

Where is monomeric IgA is found?

it is found in the circulation

where is dimeric IgA found?

it is found in breast milk, tears, saliva, sweat, mucous

is IgA the most made antibody?

yes

What are both IgA and IgM held together by?

JHA

what does IgE bind to?

mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

IgE is associated with allergies and releases histamine and provokes strong inflammatory response.

Can IgD be found on the surface of a mature b-cell?

Can IgD help IgM with recognition of a pathogen?

yes to both

How many isotypes do you need to activate the complement system?

2 IgGs

can IgGs transport across the placenta?

yes.

What does positive selection lead to?

it leads to the death of immature t cells that do not interact with MHC 1 &11 in the thymus.

what does negative selection lead to?

it induces the death of immature t cells in the medulla.

Negative selection makes sure t cell and b cells do not recognize you. True or false?

true

What does intereon gamma do?

activates macrophages

Is the thymus a primary or secondary lymphoid organ?

primary lymphoid organ

Cortex

immature thymocytes

cortical epithelial cells

macrophages

medulla

mature thymocytes

macrophages

dendritic cells

medullary epithelial cells

What happens if you dont have a thymus?

you dont make T cells

what is DiGeorge´s syndrome? Why does it occur?

it is when you do not have a thymus; therefore, do not make t-cells.

It occurs because of the deletion of chromosome 22.

What is involution?

It is the atrophy by age of the thymus.

younger= most active thymusc

who wins the race?

alpha-beta

what are the three combos?

D-J

D-DJ

V-DJ

What receptors do alpha-beta t-cells need?

cd4 and cd8

Why does alpha chain have the advantage?

because the delta locus is deleted

Could you go into a gamma delta t-cell & possibly find rearranged g-segments at the beta chain locus?

yes

What is the first check point for t-cells during maturation?

PRE-TCR

How many CDRs are in TCR?

3 beta and 3 alpha, both need to be recognized by TCR.

What are CDR 1 &2 coded by

v segment

what is CDR5 coded by

junctional diversity

Thymocyte can put up a new alpha-chain if they havent recognized MHC. Now there is 2 TCRs & have doubled chances of positive selection.

Does a thymocyte with 2 TCRs break allelic exclusion?

Yes, at the alpha chain locus, although functionally you do not

What is the surrogate alpha chain called?

PT alpha or Pre-T alpha

What does a pre-TCR bind to get a nucleus that says to go through allelic exclusion, proliferate, set up cd4&cd8, and start rearranging?

it binds to itself

What is the pre-TCR composed of?

pre-talpha & TCR beta

what are the signals of dimerization of TCR:

-cell becomes permissive for TCR-a chain locus arrangement

-stimulates expression of CD4 &CD8

-proliferation (cloning)

-allelic exclusion

What do you find in the rearrangments of the beta chain locus?

V,D, J segments

Why do we get 1 attempt at the heavy chain?

because the d locus were deleted

Where does positive selection take place in the thymus?

Cortex

Where does negative selection take place in the thymus?

Medulla

what does the pre-TCR stage consist of:

double negative--double positive--

single negative

What happens during positive selection?

CD4 & CD8 on surface, MHC can bind there

Cortex includes:

stromell, macrophages, cortical cells

medulla includes:

dendritic cells. macrophages, MTECs

Where is RAG 1 & RAG 2 expressed in the t-cell?

thymus

can you turn off CD3 off?

no

do we activate our thymocyte when it is going through positive or negative selection?

No, activation takes place in the secondary lymphoid tissue

what is CDR coded by

junctional diversity

Does a gamma-delta t-cell need to go through positive selection?

No, because it does not need MHC to present peptide

Does the thymocyte have both CD4 and CD8 while going through positive selection?

yes

does a double positive thymocyte go through positive selection?

yes

does a double negative thymocyte go through positive selection?

no

T-cells that can recognize self MHC are positively selected in the thymus? True or False?

true

can negative and positive selection happen at the same time?

yes, apoptosis would occur in this case

how can you distinguish a t-reg from TH1 or TH2?

foxp3, a transcriptional repressor unique to t-rag