Nuclear Chemistry MCQ

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1
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<p>What are isotopes?</p>

What are isotopes?

atoms of the same element that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons or mass.

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Elements 43, 84 and above are _____ because they decay.

radioactive

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When the phrase “no stable isotopes” is used in the Chemistry Regents, what does it mean?

Radioactive

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If an element is naturally radioactive, every other version is ____.

Radioactive

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Atomic mass:

The ones with parentheses are _____.

Ex: atomic mass - (238.0289u)

radioactive

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The element is radioactive when the ratio of neutrons to protons is _____ (for light nuclei)

Examples:

Carbon-14, Lithium-7

greater than 1:1

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When does natural radioactivity occur?

When nuclei are unstable

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What happens when a nucleus decays?

A nucleus decays to attain more stable atomic configuration.

It emits particles

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What is the mass of an alpha particle? (in amu)

4 amu

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What is the mass of a beta particle? (in amu)

0 amu

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What is the mass of a positron particle? (in amu)

0 amu

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What is the mass of a gamma particle? (in amu)

0 amu

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What is the charge of an alpha particle?

2+

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What is the charge of a beta particle?

1-

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What is the charge of a positron particle?

1+

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What is the charge of a gamma particle?

none

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<p>What is the symbol of an alpha particle?</p>

What is the symbol of an alpha particle?

α, 4/2He

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<p>What is the symbol of a beta particle?</p>

What is the symbol of a beta particle?

-β, 0/-1e

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<p>What is the symbol of a positron particle?</p>

What is the symbol of a positron particle?

+β, 1/0e

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<p>What is the symbol of a gamma particle?</p>

What is the symbol of a gamma particle?

γ, 0/0 γ

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What is the penetrating power of an alpha particle?

(Hint: it has maximum mass)

Low

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What is the penetrating power of a beta particle?

Moderate

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What is the penetrating power of a positron particle?

Moderate

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What is the penetrating power of a gamma particle?

(Hint: it it only energy - no charge or mass)

High

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<p>What is alpha decay?</p><p>Keep in mind:</p><table style="min-width: 75px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Symbol</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Mass #</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Atomic #</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">α</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">-4</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">-2</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>

What is alpha decay?

Keep in mind:

Symbol

Change in Mass #

Change in Atomic #

α

-4

-2

When an unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle

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<p>What is beta decay? (beta minus decay)</p><p>Keep in mind:</p><table style="min-width: 75px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Symbol</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Mass #</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Atomic #</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p>β</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">0</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">+1</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>

What is beta decay? (beta minus decay)

Keep in mind:

Symbol

Change in Mass #

Change in Atomic #

β

0

+1

When an unstable nucleus emits a beta particle

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<p>What is positron emission? (beta plus decay)</p><p><strong>Is caused by a proton converting to a neutron.</strong></p><p>Keep in mind:&nbsp;</p><table style="min-width: 75px;"><colgroup><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"><col style="min-width: 25px;"></colgroup><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Symbol</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Mass #</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">Change in Atomic #</span></p></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p>β+</p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">0</span></p></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border-width: 1pt; border-style: solid; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); vertical-align: top; padding: 5pt; overflow: hidden; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><p><span style="background-color: transparent;">-1</span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>

What is positron emission? (beta plus decay)

Is caused by a proton converting to a neutron.

Keep in mind: 

Symbol

Change in Mass #

Change in Atomic #

β+

0

-1

When an unstable nucleus emits a positron

28
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<p>What is natural transmutation? (only has <u>ONE REACTANT</u>)</p>

What is natural transmutation? (only has ONE REACTANT)

Begins with one nucleus that spontaneously decays

29
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<p>What is artificial transmutation? (always has <u>TWO REACTANTS</u>)</p>

What is artificial transmutation? (always has TWO REACTANTS)

Bombardment of the nucleus with high energy particles

30
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<p>What is a fission reaction?</p><p><em>Fission reactions produce/capture neutrons. They can become involved in another fission reaction.</em></p>

What is a fission reaction?

Fission reactions produce/capture neutrons. They can become involved in another fission reaction.

Involves breaking/splitting an atom into other atoms. 

31
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<p>What is a fusion reaction?</p>

What is a fusion reaction?

Two atoms of hydrogen fusing together to form an atom of helium.

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What does fission and fusion create? (Hint: They break the law of conservation of matter.)

A tremendous amount of heat and energy.

33
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The energy of nuclear reactions is _____ the energy associated with chemical reactions.

greater than

34
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The energy of fission is _____ the energy of fusion.

less than

35
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How come it is very hard to make nuclear fusion happen? (What is so impossible about the fusion?)

Hydrogen is positive- hydrogen atoms repel each other

36
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What is half life?

(See table N for half-lives and modes - will never hit 0!)

the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample of an element to decay.

37
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Radioactive substances ______ at a rate that is _____ on temperature,

pressure, or concentration.

decay, not dependent

38
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What radioactive elements are used for dating?

U-238, K-42, C-14

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What radioactive elements are used in the medical field?

I-131, Tc-99, Co-60, gamma

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What is radioactive element I-131 used for?

Medical field - thyroids

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What is radioactive element Tc-99 used for?

Medical field - cancer

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What is radioactive element Co-60 used for?

Medical field - cancer

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What is radioactive element U-238 used for?

Dating - rocks

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What is radioactive element C-14 used for?

Dating - Living material

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What is radioactive element K-42 used for?

Dating - dinosaurs

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What must radioactive elements used in the medical field must have?

Short half life and be quickly eliminated from the body

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<p>In nuclear equations, the total of the _____ and the total of the _____ must be equal on both sides of the equation.</p>

In nuclear equations, the total of the _____ and the total of the _____ must be equal on both sides of the equation.

atomic number, mass number