Biology 111: All Questions Thus Far

Organisms can reproduce to create offspring that together form a

Population

What provides instructions for growth and development in organisms

Inherited genetic material

Which characteristic is shared by all living organisms

Reproduction

What type of structure is observed in the biological world from molecules to organ systems

Highly organized and complex

Which example best illustrates a behavioral response to environmental conditions

A desert animal burrowing during the day to stay cool

Which energy transformation enables organisms to perform physical work such as escaping predators

Chemical energy to kinetic energy

Why do individuals within a population show variation in traits

Small differences in inherited genetic material

What process regulates blood and heat flow in the ears of a desert hare

Vascular regulation

How do environmental pressures contribute to the evolution of populations

By interacting with genetic variation to favor beneficial adaptations

Which of the following represents the highest level of biological organization

The Earth’s biosphere

An organ is primarily composed of….

Different tissues

Examples of organelles found inside cells

Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

Best describes an ecosystem

Communities of different species interacting with each other and the environment

How are populations and communities related within an ecosystem

Communities are composed of populations of different species

What is the role of organ systems at the organism level

To ensure survival and reproduction

A sequence that correctly represents increasing levels of biological organization

Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism

Why are organelles important within cells

They carry out functions like building and transporting molecules

Which statement best explains how different levels of organization are connected

Smaller units combine to form more complex structures in a hierarchy

What is the main purpose of formulating a hypothesis in the scientific method

To provide a specific, testable prediction based on observations

What is the purpose of an experimental group in a scientific study

To be exposed to the variable being tested

What role does the control group play in an experiment

It is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the variable being tested

When formulating a hypothesis using the scientific method, which statement is correct

It must be testable, provide a possible explanation, and allow predictions

Which statement is true about determining the validity of a hypothesis

Experiments should be designed to test and potentially disprove the hypothesis

Which statement about the experimental setup is accurate

Collecting data is essential for evaluating a hypothesis

From the hypothesis that garlic powder deters slugs from cabbage plants, which statement is false

The hypothesis is only confirmed if slugs completely avoid garlic-treated plants

Which statement is true regarding hypothesis testing in the scientific method

Data collection and analysis are essential for drawing conclusions

Which statement accurately describes the role of observations in the scientific method

Observations and prior knowledge help generate scientific questions

Which of the following is currently the most widely accepted system of units for scientific measurements

The International System of Units

A chemist measured the mass of a gold atom. Which of the following is the correct standard measurement unit for the mass of the gold atom

3.2707 × 10^-25 kg

What is the standard unit of time

Second

How is temperature uniquely represented in the SI system compared to other units

In uppercase “K” without “degree”

Which of the following units is NOT a base unit in the SI system

Pound

What distinguishes mass from weight when measuring an object's quantity

Mass measures the quantity of matter, while weight measures the gravitational force exerted on the object's matter

Which unit is used to measure longer distances in the SI system

Kilometer

For measuring extremely short intervals of time, which unit would be appropriate

Millisecond

Why is it essential to specify units when communicating measurements

Units provide a reference for comparison and understanding

What is the approximate percent of the cell that is composed of water

70%

What is the amount of inorganic ions present in a cell

Which of the following complexes helps the package the DNA in a cell

Nucleoprotein

Why is the pH of the cytoplasm precisely buffered

To maintain cellular structure

How do proteins in the cell interact with water

Polar amino acids interact with water while nonpolar amino acids avoid it

Calculate the number of moles of water in a cell that contains 0.07 grams of water

0.0039 moles

Which inorganic ion is essential for the catalytic activity of many enzymes

Magnesium

Given that lysosomes have a pH of about 5, which ion concentration is likely higher inside lysosomes compared to the cytoplasm

Hydrogen ions

What role do lipids play in the cell

Component of cell membranes and energy storage

Protons are

Positively charged particles

Neutrons are

Uncharged particles

What determines the atomic number of an element

The number of protons

Which subatomic particles contribute most to an atom's mass

Protons and neutrons

Why do electrons remain near the nucleus of an atom

Electrons are attracted to the positive charge of protons

An atom with more electrons than protons is called

An anion

Why does the electron cloud account for most of the atom’s volume

Electrons move rapidly in a large region of mostly empty space

What occurs when an atom loses one or more electrons

It becomes a positively charged ion called a cation

Why might an atom gain or lose electrons

To reach a more stable valence electron configuration

What does pH measure in a solution

Acidity or basicity based on hydronium ion concentration

The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of which ion

Hydronium ion

What is the pH of a neutral solution at 25°C

7

Why does coffee have an acidic pH

It has a high concentration of hydronium ions

Which statement correctly describes the pH scale

Each unit change represents a tenfold change in hydronium ion concentration

What is the pH of a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 1 × 10⁻³ M

3

Which statement best explains why a solution with pH 4 is more acidic than one with pH 6

It has one hundred times the hydronium ion concentration

Why is pH 7 considered neutral

It has equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions due to autoionization of water

Which statement correctly relates hydronium ion concentration to basicity

Lower hydronium concentration results in higher pH and basicity

What kind of connective tissue connects muscles to bones?

Tendons

How to bones in limbs contribute to body movements?

By facilitating body movements directed by skeletal muscles

What is the role of cartilage in moveable joints?

To reduce friction during movement

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus are referred to as

Eukaryotic

Which of the following statements is true regarding plants and animals

They are composed of eukaryotic cells

What is a unique feature of plant cells not found in animal cells?

Chloroplast

Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells

They lack membrane-bound organelles

Which structure is found only in eukaryotic cells

Membrane-bound nucleus

Which statement accurately describes a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

Nucleoid region.

Why are eukaryotic cells considered more complex than prokaryotic cells?

They contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions.

Which combination of features correctly describes eukaryotic cells?

Membrane-bound nucleus and specialized organelles

In prokaryotes, chromosomal DNA is located in the

Nucleoid

What is the primary role of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

Selective permeability

What is the composition of the peptidoglycan cell wall in bacteria?

Polymers of amino acids and sugars

List the layers surrounding a prokaryotic cell in the correct order from inside to outside.

Plasma membrane → cell wall → capsule

Which function is commonly provided by plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

Antibiotic resistance

Which statement correctly describes prokaryotic cells?

They can contain specialized internal functions with specific functions.

Cyanobacteria are able to carry out photosynthesis due to the presence of

Thylakoids

What is the function of the capsule in some bacteria

Adhesion and protection

How is prokaryotic DNA structurally organized within the cell

A single circular DNA molecule in a nucleoid region without a membrane

What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

0.1–5.0 micrometers.

What type of ribosome is found in prokaryotic cells?

70S

How does the genome structure differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have circular DNA molecules, while eukaryotes have linear DNA.

What is a unique feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Presence of membrane-bound organelles.

Why are eukaryotic cells capable of complex biological functions?

They form multicellular organisms with specialized cells.

What advantage does the lack of membrane-bound organelles provide to prokaryotic cells?

Enables rapid growth and reproduction.

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes differ?

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.

Why are eukaryotic cells generally larger than prokaryotic cells?

They contain membrane-bound organelles and complex internal structures.

Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

In the nucleoid region.

What is resolution?

The shortest resolvable distance between two points.

What is the relationship between the resolution and numerical aperture?

The resolution is inversely proportional to the numerical aperture.

What is the purpose of an eyepiece reticle?

To help estimate the size of objects under the microscope.

What is the last step you should do before acquiring an image on a light microscope?

Adjust the focus using the fine adjustment knob.

Which microscope is NOT a type of light microscope?

Scanning probe microscope

Which of the following does NOT need to be considered when fixing a sample?

The nucleic acid content in the sample.

Which method is used for fixation?

Cross-linking